DIODORUS OF SICILY
THE LIBRARY OF HISTORY BOOKS IV.59-VIII
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY C. H. OLDFATHER
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS LONDON, ENGLAND
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB
EDITED BY
G. P. GOOLD
PREVIOUS EDITORS T. E. PAGE E. CAPPS W.H. Ὁ. ROUSE L. A. POST E. H. WARMINGTON
DIODORUS OF SICILY ΠῚ
LCL 340
First published 1939 Reprinted 1952, 1961, 1970, 1993
ISBN 0-674-99375-6
Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, on acid-free paper. Bound by Hunter & Foulis Ltd, Edinburgh, Scotland.
CONTENTS
THE LIBRARY OF HISTORY
Book IV (continued) Book V Fragments of Books VI-VIII
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
MAPS
329
429
435
THE LIBRARY OF HISTORY
OF
DIODORUS OF SICILY
BOOK IV
ΔΙΟΔΏΡΟΥ
TOY ΣΙΚΕΛΙΩΤΟΥ͂
ΒΙΒΛΙΟΘΗΚΗΣ TSTOPIKHS
ΒΙΒΛΟΣ TETAPTH
59. Ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ Ἡρακλέους καὶ τῶν ἀπο- γόνων αὐτοῦ διήλθομεν, οἰκεῖον ἂν εἴη περὶ Θησέως εἰπεῖν διὰ τὸ τοῦτον ζηλωτὴν γενέσθαι τῶν Ἡρακλέους ἄθλων. Θησεὺς τοίνυν γεγονὼς Αἴθρας τῆς Πιτθέως καὶ Ποσειδῶνος, τραφεὶς ἐν Τροιζῆνι παρὰ Πιτθεῖ τῷ μητροπάτορι, καὶ τὰ μυθολογούμενα σύμβολα ἀνῃρημένος τὰ ὑπὸ Αἰγέως ὑπό τινι πέτρᾳ τεθειμένα, κατήντησεν εἰς τὰς ᾿Αθήνας. διεξιὼν δ᾽, ὥς φασι, τὴν παραθαλάττιον, καὶ ζηλωτὴς ὧν τῆς ᾿Ηρακλέους ἀρετῆς, ἐπεβάλετο τελεῖν ἄθλους περιέχοντας 2 ἀποδοχήν τε καὶ δόξαν. πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ἀνεῖλε τὸν ὀνομαζόμενον Kopuvyrny, χρώμενον τῇ προσ- αγορευομένῃ κορύνῃ, ὅπερ ἦν ὅπλον ἀμυντή- ριον, καὶ τοὺς παριόντας ἀποκτείνοντα, δεύτερον
1 According to Plutarch, Theseus, 3, when Aegeus suspected that Aethra, the daughter of Pittheus, was with child by him
2
THE LIBRARY OF HISTORY
OF
DIODORUS OF SICILY
BOOK IV
59. Bur since we have set forth the facts concern- ing Heracles and his descendants, it will be appro- priate in this connexion to speak of Theseus, since he emulated the Labours of Heracles. Theseus, then, was born of Aethra, the daughter of Pittheus, and Poseidon, and was reared in Troezen at the home of Pittheus, his mother’s father, and after he had found and taken up the tokens ! which, as the myths relate, had been placed by Aegeus beneath a certain rock, he came to Athens. And taking the road along the coast, as men say, since he emulated the high achievements of Heracles, he set about performing Labours which would bring him both approbation and fame. The first, then, whom he slew was he who was called Corynetes,? who carried a koryné, as it was called, or club, which was
the weapon with which he fought, and with it killed
he left a sword and a pair of sandals under a great rock and
commanded Aethra, if a son were born to her and if he were
able to lift the rock, to send the youth to him with the tokens. 2 ** Club-bearer.”’
3
DIODORUS OF SICILY
4 3 > > - “-- rs 3 δὲ τὸν ἐν ᾿Ισθμῷ κατοικοῦντα Livw. οὗτος
δι
55
γὰρ δύο πίτυς κάμπτων, καὶ πρὸς ἑκατέραν τὸν ἕνα βραχίονα προσδεσμεύων, ἄφνω τὰς πίτυς ἠφίει: διόπερ τῶν σωμάτων διὰ τὴν βίαν ἀπο- σπωμένων συνέβαινε τοὺς ἀτυχοῦντας μετὰ μεγάλης τιμωρίας 1 τελευτᾶν. τρίτον δὲ τὴν ἐν Kpop~ μυῶνι ὑπάρχουσαν ὗν ἀγρίαν, διαφέρουσαν ἀλκῇ τε καὶ μεγέθει καὶ πολλοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀναιρ- οὔσαν, ἀπέκτεινεν. ἐκόλασε δὲ καὶ Σκείρωνα τὸν οἰκοῦντα τῆς Μεγαρίδος τὰς ὀνομαζομένας ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνου Σκειρωνίδας πέτρας" οὗτος γὰρ εἰώθει τοὺς παριόντας ἀναγκάζειν ἀπονίπτειν ἑαυτὸν ἐπί τινος ἀποκρήμνου τόπου, λακτίσματι δ᾽ ἄφνω τύπτων περιεκύλιε κατὰ τῶν κρημνῶν εἰς θάλατταν κατὰ τὴν ὀνομαζομένην Χελώνην. ἀνεῖλε δὲ καὶ περὶ τὴν ᾿Ελευσῖνα Κερκυόνα τὸν διαπαλαίοντα τοῖς παριοῦσι καὶ τὸν ἡττηθέντα διαφθείροντα. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τὸν ὀνομαζόμενον IIpoxpovarny ἀπέ- κτεινε, τὸν οἰκοῦντα ἐν τῷ λεγομένῳ Κορυδαλλῷ τῆς ᾿Αττικῆς" οὗτος δὲ τοὺς παριόντας ὅδοιπό- ρους ἠνάγκαζεν ἐπί τινος κλίνης ἀναπίπτειν, καὶ τῶν μὲν μακροτέρων τὰ ὑπερέχοντα μέρη τοῦ σώματος ἀπέκοπτε, τῶν δ᾽ ἐλαττόνων τοὺς πόδας προέκρουεν, ἀφ᾽ οὗπερ Προκρούστης ὠνομάσθη. κατορθώσας δὲ τὰ προειρημένα κατήντησεν εἰς τὰς ᾿Αθήνας, καὶ τὸν Αἰγέα διὰ τῶν συμβόλων ἀνεγνώρισε. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τὸν ἐν Μαραθῶνι
1 Vogel suggests ταλαιπωρίας (“ anguish ”’).
1 Called also Pityocamptes (‘‘Pine-bender’’). Aristo- phanes, The Frogs, 996, makes Euripides build out of the myth a word of Aeschylean size, sarkasmopituokamptai (‘ flesh-
4
BOOK IV. 59. 2-6
any who passed by, and the second was Sinis + who made his home on the Isthmus. Sinis, it should be explained, used to bend over two pines, fasten one arm to each of them, and then suddenly release the pines, the result being that the bodies were pulled asunder by the force of the pines and the unfortunate victims met a death of great vengeance.” For his third deed he slew the wild sow which had its haunts about Crommyon, a beast which excelled in both ferocity and size and was killing many human beings. Then he punished Sceiron who made his home in the rocks of Megaris which are called after him the Sceironian Rocks. This man, namely, made it his practice to compel those who passed by to wash his feet at a precipitous place, and then, suddenly giving them a kick, he would roll them down the crags into the sea at a place called Cheloné. And near Eleusis he slew Cercyon, who wrestled with those who passed by and killed whomever he could defeat. After this he put to death Procrustes, as he was called, who dwelt in what was known as Corydallus in Attica; this man compelled the travellers who passed by to lie down upon a bed, and if any were too long for the bed he cut off the parts of their body which protruded, while in the case of such as were too short for it he stretched (prokrouein) their legs, this being the reason why he was given the name Procrustes. After successfully accomplishing the deeds which we have mentioned, Theseus came to Athens and by means of the tokens caused Aegeus to recognize him. Then he grappled with the tearing-pine-benders’’), with which to describe two characters
of Aeschylus. 2 Or “‘anguish’’; cp. critical note.
DIODORUS OF SICILY
ταῦρον, ov ᾿Ηρακλῆς τελῶν ἄθλον ἐκ Kpyrns ἀπήγαγεν εἰς Πελοπόννησον, συμπλακεὶς καὶ κρατήσας τοῦ ζῴου ἀπήγαγεν εἰς τὰς ᾿Αθήνας" ~ > > \ A # 3 ᾿ τοῦτον δ᾽ Αἰγεὺς παραλαβὼν ἔθυσεν ᾿Απόλλωνι. 60. Λείπεται δ᾽ ἡμῖν εἰπεῖν περὶ Μινωταύρου τοῦ ἀναιρεθέντος ὑπὸ Θησέως, ἵνα συντελέσωμεν τὰς τοῦ Θησέως πράξεις. ἀναγκαῖον δ᾽ ἐστὶ προσαναδραμόντας τοῖς χρόνοις τὰ συμπεπλεγμένα τούτοις διελθεῖν, ἵνα σαφὴς ἡ σύμπασα γένηται διήγησις. Τέκταμος ὁ Δώρου τοῦ Ἕλληνος τοῦ Δευκα- f λίωνος εἰς Κρήτηνπλεύσας μετὰ Αἰολέων καὶ Πελασ- γῶν ἐβασίλευσε τῆς νήσου, γήμας δὲ τὴν Κρηθέως θυγατέρα ἐγέννησεν ᾿Αστέριον. οὗ βασιλεύοντος > 7 7 ef >? ᾽ ς f 3 ev Κρήτῃ Ζεύς, ws φασιν, Εὐρώπην ἁρπάσας ἐκ Φοινίκης καὶ διακομίσας εἰς Κρήτην ἐπὶ ταύρου, μιγεὶς τρεῖς υἱοὺς ἐγέννησε, Μίνω καὶ ‘Padd- μανθυν καὶ Σαρπηδόνα. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τὴν Εὐρώπην ᾿Αστέριος ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς Ἰζρήτης ἔγημεν: ἄπαις δ᾽ ὧν τοὺς τοῦ Διὸς παῖδας υἱοποιη- σάμενος διαδόχους τῆς βασιλείας ἀπέλιπε. τούτων δὲ Ῥαδάμανθυς μὲν τοῖς Κρησὶν ἐνομοθέτησε / τὰ fe 4 P?) ,ὔ ΩΝ τη 7 Μίνως δὲ διαδεξάμενος τὴν βασιλείαν Kal γήμας ᾿Ιτώνην τὴν Λυκτίου Λύκαστον ἐγέννησεν, ὃς διαδεξάμενος τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ γήμας Ἴδην τὴν Κορύβαντος ἐγέννησε Μίνωα τὸν δεύτερον, ὅν τινες Διὸς υἱὸν ἀναγράφουσιν. οὗτος πρῶτος “EAA ‘4 A ὃ [4 > “λ 4 ἤνων ναυτικὴν δύναμιν ἀξιόλογον συστησά- 4 μενος ἐθαλαττοκράτησε. γήμας δὲ Πασιφάην τὴν Ἡλίου καὶ Κρήτης ἐγέννησε Δευκαλίωνα
καὶ Katpéa καὶ ᾿Ανδρόγεων καὶ ᾿Αριάδνην, καὶ
6
BOOK IV. 59. 6-60. 4
Marathonian bull which Heracles in the performance of one of his Labours had brought from Crete to the Peloponnesus, and mastering the animal he brought it to Athens; this bull Aegeus received from him and sacrified to Apollo.
60. It remains for us now to speak of the Minotaur which was slain by Theseus, in order that we may complete our account of the deeds of Theseus. But we must revert to earlier times and set forth the facts which are interwoven with this performance, in order that the whole narrative may be clear.
Tectamus, the son of Dorus, the son of Hellen, the son of Deucalion, sailed to Crete with Aeolians and Pelasgians and became king of the island, and marry- ing the daughter of Cretheus he begat Asterius. And during the time when he was king in Crete Zeus, as they say, carried off Kuropé from Phoenicia, and carrying her across to Crete upon the back of a bull, he lay with her there and begat three sons, Minos, Rhadamanthys, and Sarpedon. After this Asterius, the king of Crete, took Europé to wife; and since he was without children by her he adopted the sons of Zeus and left them at his death to succeed to the kingdom. As for these children, Rhadamanthys gave the Cretans their laws, and Minos, succeeding to the throne and marrying Itoné, the daughter of Lyctius, begat Lycastus, who in turn succeeded to the supreme power and marrying Idé, the daughter of Corybas, begat the second Minos, who, as some writers record, was the son of Zeus. This Minos was the first Greek to create a powerful naval force and to become master of the sea. And marrying Pasiphaé, the daughter of Helius and Creté, he begat Deucalion and Catreus and Androgeos and Ariadné
7
DIODORUS OF SICILY
ἕτερα τέκνα ἔσχε πλείονα νόθα. τῶν δὲ Μίνωος υἱῶν ᾿Ανδρόγεως μὲν εἰς τὰς ᾿Αθήνας κατήντησε Παναθηναίων συντελουμένων, Αἰγέως βασιλεύ- οντος, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἀγῶσι νικήσας τοὺς ἀθλητὰς ἕπαντας συνήθης ἐγένετο τοῖς Πάλλαντος παισίν. ὅ ἐνταῦθ᾽ ὁ μὲν Αἰγεὺς ὑποπτεύσας τὴν ᾿Ανδρόγεω φιλίαν, μήποθ᾽ 6 Μίνως βοηθήσας τοῖς υἱοῖς τοῦ Πάλλαντος ἀφέληται τὴν ἀρχήν, ἐπεβούλευσε τῷ ᾿Ανδρόγεῳ. βαδίζοντος οὖν αὐτοῦ εἰς τὰς Θήβας ἐπί τινα θεωρίαν, ἐδολοφόνησεν αὐτὸν διά τινων ἐγχωρίων περὶ Οἰνόην τῆς ᾿Αττικῆς.
61. Mivws δὲ πυθόμενος τὴν κατὰ τὸν υἱὸν συμφοράν, ἧκεν εἰς τὰς ᾿Αθήνας δίκας αἰτῶν τοῦ ᾿Ανδρόγεω φόνου. οὐδενὸς δ᾽ αὐτῷ προσέχοντος, πρὸς μὲν ᾿Αθηναίους πόλεμον συνεστήσατο, ἀρὰς δὲ ἐποιήσατο τῷ Διὶ γενέσθαι κατὰ τὴν πόλιν τῶν ᾿Αθηναίων αὐχμὸν καὶ λιμόν. ταχὺ δὲ περὶ τὴν ᾿Αττικὴν καὶ τὴν “Ἑλλάδα γενομένων αὐχμῶν καὶ φθαρέντων τῶν καρπῶν, συνελθόντες οἱ τῶν πόλεων ἡγεμόνες ἐπηρώτησαν τὸν θεὸν πῶς ἂν δύναιντο τῶν κακῶν ἀπαλλαγῆναι. ὁ δ᾽ ἔχρησεν ἐλθεῖν αὐτοὺς πρὸς Αἰακὸν τὸν Διὸς καὶ Αἰγίνης τῆς ᾿Ασωποῦ θυγατρός, καὶ κελεύειν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν εὐχὰς ποιήσασθαι. ὧν πραξάντων τὸ προσ- ταχθέν, ὁ μὲν Αἰακὸς ἐπετέλεσε τὰς εὐχάς, καὶ 6 αὐχμὸς παρὰ μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις “EAAnow ἐπαύσατο, παρὰ δὲ τοῖς ᾿Αθηναίοις μόνοις διέμεινεν: οὗ δὴ χάριν ἠναγκάσθησαν of ᾿Αθηναῖοι τὸν θεὸν ἐπερω-
BOOK IV. 60. 4-61. 2
and had other, natural, children more in number than these. As for the sons of Minos, Androgeos came to Athens at the time of the Panathenaic festival, while Aegeus was king, and defeating all the contestants in the games he became a close friend of the sons of Pallas. Thereupon Aegeus,
viewing with suspicion the friendship which Andro-
geos had formed, since he feared that Minos might lend his aid to the sons of Pallas and take from him the supreme power, plotted against the life of Andro- geos. Consequently, when the latter was on his way to Thebes in order to attend a festival there, Aegeus eaused him to be treacherously slain by certain natives of the region in the neighbourhood of Oenoé in Attica.
61. Minos, when he learned of the fate which had befallen his son, came to Athens and demanded satisfaction for the murder of Androgeos. And when no one paid any attention to him, he declared war against the Athenians and uttered imprecations to Zeus, calling down drought and famine through- out the state of the Athenians. And when drought quickly prevailed about Attica and Greece and the crops were destroyed, the heads of the communities gathered together and inquired of the god what steps they could take to rid themselves of their present evils. The god made answer to them that they should
o to Aeacus, the son of Zeus and Aeginé, the daughter of Asopus, and ask him to offer up prayers on their behalf. And when they had done as they had been commanded, Aeacus finished offering the prayers and thereupon, among the rest of the Greeks, the drought was broken, but among the Athenians alone it continued; wherefore the Athenians were compelled to make inquiry of the god how they
9
DIODORUS OF SICILY
«
τῆσαι περὶ τῆς τῶν κακῶν ἀπαλλαγῆς. εἶθ᾽ ὁ μὲν θεὸς ἔχρησεν, ἐὰν τοῦ ᾿Ανδρόγεω φόνου τῷ Μίνῳ δίκας δῶσιν ἃς ἂν ἐκεῖνος δικάσῃ: ὑπακου- σάντων δὲ τῷ θεῷ τῶν ᾿Αθηναίων, προσέταξεν αὐτοῖς 6 ϊνως διδόναι κόρους ἑπτὰ καὶ τὰς ἴσας κόρας δι᾽ ἐτῶν ἐννέα βορὰν τῷ Μινωταύρῳ ὅσον ἂν χρόνον ζῇ τὸ τέρας. δόντων δ᾽ αὐτῶν, ἀπηλ- λάγησαν τῶν κακῶν οἱ κατὰ τὴν ᾿Αττικήν, καὶ ὁ Μίνως πολεμῶν ἐπαύσατο τὰς ᾿Αθήνας.
Διελθόντων δὲ ἐτῶν ἐννέα πάλιν ὁ Μίνως ἦλθεν εἰς τὴν ᾿Αττικὴν μετὰ μεγάλου στόλου, καὶ τοὺς δὶς ἑπτὰ κόρους ἀπαιτήσας ἔλαβε. μελλόντων δ᾽ ἐκπλεῖν τῶν περὶ τὸν Θησέα, ὁ Αἰγεὺς συνέθετο πρὸς τὸν κυβερνήτην, ἐὰν μὲν ὁ Θησεὺς νικήσῃ τὸν Μινώταυρον, καταπλεῖν αὐτοὺς λευκοῖς ἱστίοις, ἐὰν δὲ ἀπόληται, μέλασι, καθάπερ καὶ πρότερον ποιεῖν εἰώθεσαν. καταπλευσάντων δ᾽ αὐτῶν εἰς Κρήτην ᾿Αριάδνη μὲν ἡ θυγάτηρ τοῦ Μίνωος ἠράσθη τοῦ Θησέως εὐπρεπείᾳ διαφέροντος, Θησεὺς δ᾽ εἰς λόγους ἐλθὼν αὐτῇ καὶ ταύτην συνεργὸν λαβών, τόν τε Μινώταυρον ἀπέκτεινε καὶ τὴν ἔξοδον τὴν τοῦ λαβυρίνθου παρ᾽ αὐτῆς μαθὼν διεσώθη. ἀνακομιζόμενος δ᾽ εἰς τὴν πα- τρίδα καὶ κλέψας τὴν ᾿Αριάδνην ἔλαθεν ἐκπλεύσας νυκτός, καὶ κατῆρεν εἰς νῆσον τὴν τότε μὲν Δίαν, νῦν δὲ Νάξον προσαγορευομένην.
Καθ᾿ ὃν δὴ χρόνον μυθολογοῦσι Διόνυσον ἐπιφανέντα, καὶ διὰ τὸ κάλλος τῆς ᾿Αριάδνης ἀφελόμενον τοῦ Θησέως τὴν παρθένον, ἔχειν αὐτὴν ὡς γυναῖκα γαμετὴν ἀγαπωμένην διαφε-
1 καὶ προσέταξεν αὐτῷ after κυβερνήτην deleted by Schafer. Io
BOOK IV. 61. 2-5
might be rid of their present evils. Thereupon the god made answer that they could do so if they would render to Minos such satisfaction for the murder of Androgeos as he might demand. The Athenians obeyed the order of the god, and Minos commanded them that they should give seven youths and as many maidens every nine years to the Minotaur for him to devour, for as long a time as the monster should live. And when the Athenians gave them, the inhabitants of Attica were rid of their evils and Minos ceased warring on Athens.
At the expiration of nine years Minos came again to Attica accompanied by a great fleet and demanded and received the fourteen young people. Now Theseus was one of those who were to set forth, and Aegeus made the agreement with the captain of the vessel that, if Theseus should overcome the Minotaur, they should sail back with their sails white, but if he died, they should be black, just as they had been accustomed to do on the previous occasion. When they had landed in Crete, Ariadné, the daughter of Minos, became enamoured of Theseus, who was unusually handsome, and Theseus, after conversing with her and securing her assistance, both slew the Minotaur and got safely away, since he had learned from her the way out of the labyrinth. In making his way back to his native land he carried off Ariadné and sailed out unobserved during the night, after which he put in at the island which at that time was called Dia, but is now called Naxos.
At this same time, the myths relate, Dionysus showed himself on the island, and because of the beauty of Ariadné he took the maiden away from Theseus and kept her as his lawful wife, loving her
II
for]
DIODORUS OF SICILY
ρόντως. μετὰ γοῦν τὴν τελευτὴν αὐτῆς διὰ τὴν φιλοστοργίαν ἀθανάτων καταξιῶσαι τιμῶν, κατα- στερίσαντα τὸν ἐν οὐρανῷ στέφανον ᾿Αριάδνης. τοὺς δὲ περὶ τὸν Θησέα φασὶ διὰ τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῆς κόρης δυσφοροῦντας ἰσχυρῶς, καὶ διὰ τὴν λύπην ἐπιλαθομένους τῆς Αἰγέως παραγγελίας, τοῖς μέλασιν ἱστίοις καταπλεῖν εἰς τὴν ᾿Αττικήν. Αἰγέα δὲ θεασάμενον τὸν κατάπλουν, καὶ δόξαντα τεθνηκέναι τὸν υἱόν, ἡρωικὴν ἅμα πρᾶξιν καὶ συμφορὰν ἐπιτελέσασθαι: ἀναβάντα γὰρ εἰς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν, καὶ διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς λύπης προσκόψαντα τῷ ζῆν, ἑαυτὸν κατακρημνίσαι. μετὰ δὲ τὴν Αἰγέως τελευτὴν Θησεὺς διαδεξά- μενος τὴν βασιλείαν ἦρχε τοῦ πλήθους νομίμως καὶ πολλὰ πρὸς αὔξησιν τῆς πατρίδος ἔπραξεν. ἐπιφανέστατον δὲ συνετελέσθη τὸ τοὺς δήμους, ὄντας μικροὺς μὲν τοῖς μεγέθεσι, πολλοὺς δὲ τὸν ἀριθμόν, μεταγαγεῖν εἰς τὰς ᾿Αθήνας: ἀπὸ γὰρ τούτων τῶν χρόνων ᾿Αθηναῖοι διὰ τὸ βάρος τῆς πόλεως φρονήματος ἐνεπίμπλαντο καὶ τῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἡγεμονίας ὠρέχθησαν. ἡμεῖς δὲ περὶ τούτων ἀρκούντως διεληλυθότες τὰ λειπόμενα τῶν περὶ Θησέα γενομένων ἀναγράψομεν.
62. Δευκαλίων ὁ πρεσβύτατος τῶν Μίνωος παίδων, δυναστεύων τῆς Κρήτης καὶ ποιησάμενος πρὸς ᾿Αθηναίους συμμαχίαν, συνῴκισε τὴν ἰδίαν ἀδελφὴν Φαίδραν Θησεῖ. μετὰ δὲ τὸν γάμον ἹἹππόλυτον μὲν τὸν ἐκ τῆς ᾿Αμαζονίδος γενόμενον υἱὸν ἔπεμψεν εἰς Τροιζῆνα τρέφεσθαι παρὰ τοῖς
Αἴθρας ἀδελφοῖς, ἐκ δὲ Φαίδρας ᾿Ακάμαντα
i Antiopé or Hippolyté; cp. chap. 28, 12
BOOK IV. 61. 5-62. 1
exceedingly. Indeed, after her death he considered her worthy of immortal honours because of the affection he had for her, and placed among the stars of heaven the “ Crown of Ariadné.’’? But Theseus, they say, being vexed exceedingly because the maiden had been taken from him, and forgetting because of his grief the command of Aegeus, came to port in Attica with the black sails. And Aegeus, we are told, witnessing the return of the ship and thinking that his son was dead, performed an act which was at the same time heroic and a calamity ; for he ascended the acropolis and then, because he was disgusted with life by reason of his excessive grief, cast himself down the height. After Aegeus had died, Theseus, succeeding to the kingship, ruled over the masses in accordance with the laws and performed many deeds which contributed to the aggrandisement of his native land. The most notable thing which he accomplished was the incor- poration of the demes, which were small in size but many in number, into the city of Athens; since from that time on the Athenians were filled with pride by reason of the importance of their state and aspired to the leadership of the Greeks. But for our part, now that we have set forth these facts at sufficient length, we shall record what remains to be said about Theseus.
62. Deucalion, the eldest of the sons of Minos, while he was ruler of Crete, formed an alliance with the Athenians and united his own sister Phaedra in marriage to Theseus. After the marriage Theseus sent his son Hippolytus, who had been born to him by the Amazon,! to Troezen to be reared among the brothers of Aethra,? and by Phaedra he begat Acamas
ὃ The mother of Theseus.
13
DIODORUS OF SICILY
2 καὶ Δημοφῶντα ἐγέννησε. μικρὸν δ᾽ ὕστερον
a)
a
‘Immodvtov ἐπανελθόντος εἰς tas ᾿Αθήνας πρὸς τὰ μυστήρια, Φαίδρα διὰ τὸ κάλλος ἐρασθεῖσα αὐτοῦ τότε μὲν ἀπελθόντος εἰς Τροιζῆνα ἱδρύσατο ἱερὸν ᾿Αφροδίτης παρὰ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν, ὅθεν ἦν καθορᾶν τὴν Τροιζῆνα, ὕστερον δὲ παρὰ τῷ Ἠιτθεὶ μετὰ τοῦ Θησέως καταλύσασα ἠξίου τὸν ᾿Ἱππόλυτον μιγῆναι αὐτῇ. ἀντειπόντος δ᾽ ἐκείνου φασὶ τὴν Φαίδραν ἀγανακτῆσαι, καὶ ἐπανελ- θοῦσαν εἰς τὰς ᾿Αθήνας εἰπεῖν τῷ Θησεῖ διότι ἐπεβάλετο “Ἱππόλυτος αὐτῇ μιγῆναι. Θησέως δὲ διστάζοντος περὶ τῆς διαβολῆς, καὶ τὸν Ἵππό- λυτον μεταπεμπομένου πρὸς τὸν ἔλεγχον, Φαίδρα μὲν φοβηθεῖσα τὸν ἐξετασμὸν ἀνεκρέμασεν ἑαυτήν, ἹἹππόλυτος δ᾽ ἁρματηλατῶν, ὡς ἤκουσε τὰ περὶ τῆς διαβολῆς, συνεχύθη τὴν ψυχήν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τῶν ἵππων ταραχθέντων καὶ ἐπισπασαμένων αὐτὸν ταῖς ἡνίαις, συνέβη τὸν μὲν δίφρον συντριβῆναι, τὸ δὲ μειράκιον ἐμπλακὲν τοῖς ἱμᾶσιν ἑλκυσθῆναι καὶ τελευτῆσαι. “Ἱππόλυτος μὲν οὖν διὰ σωφρο- σύνην τὸν βίον καταστρέψας παρὰ Τροιζηνίοις ἔτυχεν ἰσοθέων τιμῶν, Θησεὺς δὲ μετὰ ταῦτα καταστασιασθεὶς καὶ φυγὼν ἐκ τῆς πατρίδος ἐπὶ τῆς ξένης ἐτελεύτησεν. οἱ δ᾽ Αθηναῖοι μεταμε- ληθέντες τά τε ὀστᾶ μετήνεγκαν καὶ τιμαῖς ἰσοθέοις ἐτίμησαν αὐτόν, καὶ τέμενος ἄσυλον ἐποίησαν ἐν ταῖς ᾿Αθήναις τὸ προσαγορευόμενον ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνου Θησεῖον.
1 On the south-western slope of the Acropolis; cp. Judeich, Topographie von Athen,® 324. 2 Literally, “* pulled him after them by the reins,”
14
BOOK IV. 62. 1-4
and Demophon. A short time after this Hippolytus returned to Athens for the celebration of the mysteries, and Phaedra, becoming enamoured of him because of his beauty, at that time, after he had returned to Troezen, erectedatemple of Aphrodité beside the acro- polis at the place whence one can look across and see Troezen,! but at a later time, when she was stopping together with Theseus at the home of Pittheus, she asked Hippolytus to lie with her. Upon his refusal to do so Phaedra, they say, was vexed, and on her return to Athens she told Theseus that Hippolytus had proposed lying with her. And since Theseus had his doubts about the accusation, he sent for Hippolytus in order to put him to the test, where- upon Phaedra, fearing the result of the examination, hanged herself; as for Hippolytus, who was driving a chariot when he heard of the accusation, he was so distraught in spirit that the horses got out of control and ran away with him,? and in the event the chariot was smashed to bits and the youth, becoming entangled in the leathern thongs, was dragged along tillhe died. Hippolytus, then, since he had ended his life because of his chastity, received at the hands of the Troezenians honours equal to those offered to the gods, but Theseus, when after these happenings he was overpowered by a rival faction and banished from his native land, met his death on foreign soil. The Athenians, however, repenting of what they had done, brought back his bones and accorded him honours equal to those offered to the gods, and they set aside in Athens a sacred precinct which enjoyed the right of sanctuary and was called after him the Theseum.
8 On the island of Scyros; cp. Plutarch, Theseus, 35. 15
DIODORUS OF SICILY
63. Ἡμεῖς δ᾽ ἐπεὶ τὸν περὶ Θησέως. λόγον ἀποδεδώκαμεν, ἐν μέρει διέξιμεν περί τε τῆς κατὰ τὴν Ἑλένην ἁρπαγῆς καὶ τῆς μνηστείας Φερσε- φόνης ὑπὸ Πειρίθου" αὗται γὰρ at πράξεις συμ- πεπλεγμέναι ταῖς Θησέως εἰσί. Πειρίθους γὰρ ὁ ᾿Ἰξίονος, ἀποθανούσης αὐτοῦ τῆς γυναικὸς “Ἱπποδαμείας καὶ καταλιπούσης υἱὸν ἸΙολυποί- την, παρῆλθεν εἰς τὰς ᾿Αθήνας πρὸς Θησέα. καταλαβὼν δὲ τετελευτηκυῖαν τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ Θησέως Φαίδραν ἔπεισεν αὐτὸν ἁρπάσαι τὴν Λήδας καὶ Διὸς ᾿Ελένην, δεκαετῆ μὲν τὴν ἡλικίαν οὖσαν, εὐπρεπείᾳ δὲ πασῶν διαφέρουσαν. παρα- γενόμενοι δ᾽ εἰς Λακεδαίμονα μετὰ πλειόνων, καὶ καιρὸν εὔθετον λαβόντες, ἥρπασαν τὴν Ἑλένην κοινῇ καὶ ἀπήγαγον εἰς τὰς ᾿Αθήνας. ἔπειτα πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὁμολογίας ἔθεντο διακληρώσασθαι, καὶ τὸν μὲν λαχόντα γῆμαι τὴν Ἑλένην, τῷ δ᾽ ἑτέρῳ 3 συμπρᾶξαι περὶ ἑτέρας γυναικός, ὑπομέ- νοντα πάντα κίνδυνον. περὶ δὲ τούτων δόντες ἀλλήλοις ὅρκους ἔλαχον, καὶ συνέβη τῷ κλήρῳ λαχεῖν Θησέα. οὗτος μὲν οὖν κύριος κατέστη τῆς παρθένου τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον: τῶν δ᾽ ᾿Αθηναίων ἀγανακτούντων ἐπὶ τῷ γεγονότι, τρεῖς O “Θησεὺς ὑπεξέθετο τὴν Ἑλένην εἰς ᾿Αφιδ ναν, μίαν. τῶν ᾿Αττικῶν πόλεων. παρακατέστησε δ᾽ αὐτῇ τὴν μητέρα Αἴθραν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων φίλων τοὺς ἀρί- στους, φύλακας τῆς παρθένου. Πειρίθου δὲ κρί- ναντος μνηστεῦσαι Φερσεφόνην καὶ παρακαλ- οὔντος συναποδημῆσαι, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ὁ Θησεὺς μετέπειθεν ἀποτρέπων τῆς πράξεως αὐτὸν διὰ
1 οὖσαν Hertlein: ἔχουσαν.
16
BOOK IV. 63. 1-4
63. Since we have duly set forth the story of Theseus, we shall discuss in turn the rape of Helen and the wooing of Persephoné by Peirithotis; for these deeds are interwoven with the affairs of Theseus. Peirithoitis, we are told, the son of Ixion, when his wife Hippodameia died leaving behind her a son Polypoetes, came to visit Theseus at Athens. And finding on his arrival that Phaedra, the wife of Theseus, was dead, he persuaded him to seize and earry off Helen, the daughter of Leda and Zeus, who was only ten years of age, but excelled all women in beauty. When they arrived in Lacedaemon with a number of companions and had found a favourable occasion, they assisted each other in seizing Helen and carrying her offto Athens. There- upon they agreed among themselves to cast lots, and the one who had drawn the lot was to marry Helen and aid the other in getting another woman as wife, and in so doing to endure any danger. When they had exchanged oaths to this effect they cast lots, and it turned out that by the lot Theseus won her. Theseus, then, got the maiden for his own in the manner we have described; but since the Athenians were displeased at what had taken place, Theseus in fear of them got Helen off safely to Aphidna, one of the cities of Attica. With her he stationed his mother Aethra and the bravest men among his friends to serve as guardians of the maiden. Peiri- thotis now decided to seek the hand of Persephoné in marriage, and when he asked Theseus to make the journey with him Theseus at first endeavoured to dissuade him and to turn him away from such a
2 So Reiske: τὸν δ᾽ ἕτερον.
17
DIODORUS OF SICILY
τὴν ἀσέβειαν: τοῦ δὲ Πειρίθου βιαζομένου συν- ἠναγκάσθη διὰ τοὺς ὅρκους ὁ Θησεὺς μετασχεῖν τῆς πράξεως. καὶ πέρας καταβάντων αὐτῶν εἰς τοὺς καθ᾽ ἄδου τόπους, συνέβη διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν ἀμφοτέρους δεθῆναι, καὶ Θησέα μὲν ὕστερον διὰ τὴν ᾿Ηρακλέους χάριν ἀπολυθῆναι, Πειρίθουν δὲ διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν ἐν ἄδου διατελεῖν τιμωρίας αἰωνίου τυγχάνοντα᾽ ἔνιοι δὲ τῶν μυθογράφων φασὶν ἀμφοτέρους μὴ " τυχεῖν τοῦ νόστου. κα ὃν δὴ χρόνον λέγουσι τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς τῆς Ἑλένης Διοσκόρους στρατεύσαντας ἐπὶ τὴν “Adidvav καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἑλόντας ταύτην μὲν κατασκάψαι, τὴν δ᾽ Ἑλένην ἀπαγαγεῖν εἰς Λακεδαίμονα παρθένον οὖσαν, καὶ μετ᾽ αὐτῆς δούλην τὴν μητέρα Θησέως Αἴθραν.
64. Ἡμεῖς δὲ περὶ τούτων ἀρκούντως εἰρηκότες τὰ περὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐπὶ Θήβας ἱστορήσομεν, ἀναλα- βόντες τὰς ἐξ ἀρχῆς αἰτίας τοῦ πολέμου. Λάιος ὁ Θηβῶν βασιλεὺς γήμας ᾿Ιοκάστην τὴν Κρέοντος, καὶ χρόνον ἱ ἱκανὸν ἄπαις ὦν, ἐπηρώτησε τὸν θεὸν περὶ τέκνων γενέσεως. τῆς δὲ Πυθίας δούσης χρησμὸν αὐτῷ μὴ συμφέρειν γενέσθαι τέκνα (τὸν γὰρ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τεκνωθέντα παῖδα πατροκτόνον ἔσεσθαι καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκίαν πληρώσειν μεγάλων ἀτυχημάτων), ἐπιλαθόμενος τοῦ χρησμοῦ καὶ γεννήσας υἱόν, ἐξέθηκε τὸ βρέφος διαπερονήσας αὐτοῦ τὰ σφυρὰ σιδήρῳ" δι᾿ ἣν αἰτίαν Οἰδίπους 2 ὕστερον ὠνομάσθη. οἱ δ᾽ οἰκέται λαβόντες τὸ 1 μὴ deleted by Reiske.
ee
1 But in chap. 26 Diodorus says that Heracles brought back from Hades both Theseus and Peirithoiis.
18
BOOK IV. 63. 4-64. 2
4 deed as being impious; but since Peirithotis firmly insisted upon it Theseus was bound by the oaths to join with him in the deed. And when they had at last made their way below to the regions of Hades, it came to pass that because of the impiety of their act they were both put in chains, and although Theseus was later let go by reason of the favour
with which Heracles regarded him, Peirithoiis
because of the impiety remained in Hades, enduring everlasting punishment; but some writers of myths say that both of them never returned.1_ While this was taking place, they say that Helen’s brothers, the Dioscori, came up in arms against Aphidna, and taking the city razed it to the ground, and that they brought back Helen, who was still a virgin, to Lacedaemon and along with her, to serve as a slave, Aethra, the mother of Theseus.
64. Since we have spoken on these matters at sufficient length, we shall now give the account of The Seven against Thebes, taking up the original causes of the war. Laius, the king of Thebes, married Jocasté, the daughter of Creon, and since he was childless for some time he inquired of the god regarding his begetting ofchildren. The Pythian priestess made reply that it would not be to his interest that children should be born to him, since the son who should be begotten of him would be the murderer of his father and would bring great misfortunes upon all the house; but Laius forgot the oracle and begat a son, and he exposed the babe after he had pierced its ankles through with a piece
of iron, this being the reason why it was later given the name Oedipus.? But the household slaves who
2 Swollen-footed. 19
DIODORUS OF SICILY
; 2 - 4 ᾿ 2 7 5 7 Α παιδίον ἐκθεῖναι μὲν οὐκ ἠθέλησαν, ἐδωρήσαντο δὲ τῇ Πολύβου γυναικί, od δυναμένῃ γεννῆσαι παῖδας. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἀνδρωθέντος τοῦ παιδός, ὁ μὲν Λάιος ἔκρινεν ἐπερωτῆσαι τὸν θεὸν περὶ τοῦ βρέφους τοῦ ἐκτεθέντος, ὁ δὲ Οἰδίπους μαθὼν παρά τινος τὴν καθ᾽ ἑαυτὸν ὑποβολήν, ἐπεχείρησεν ἐπερωτῆσαι τὴν ᾿[υθίαν περὶ τῶν κατ᾽ ἀλήθειαν γονέων. κατὰ δὲ τὴν Φωκίδα τούτων ἀλλήλοις ἀπαντησάντων, 6 μὲν Λάιος ὑπερηφάνως ἐκχωρεῖν τῆς ὁδοῦ προσέταττεν, ὁ δ᾽ Οἰδίπους ὀργισθεὶς ἀπέκτεινε τὸν Λάιον, ἀγνοῶν ὅτι πατὴρ ἦν αὐτοῦ.
Καθ᾿ ὃν δὴ χρόνον μυθολογοῦσι σφίγγα, δίμορ- φον θηρίον, παραγενομένην εἰς τὰς Θήβας αἴνιγμα προτιθέναι τῷ δυναμένῳ λῦσαι, καὶ πολλοὺς ὑπ᾽ αὐτῆς δι’ ἀπορίαν ἀναιρεῖσθαι. προτιθεμένου δὲ ἐπάθλου φιλανθρώπου τῷ λύσαντι γαμεῖν τὴν ᾿Ιοκάστην καὶ βασιλεύειν τῶν Θηβῶν, ἄλλον μὲν μηδένα δύνασθαι γνῶναι τὸ προτεθειμένον, μόνον δὲ Οἰδίπουν λῦσαι τὸ αἴνιγμα. ἦν δὲ τὸ προτεθὲν ὑπὸ τῆς σφιγγός, τί ἐστι τὸ αὐτὸ δίπουν, τρίπουν, τετράπουν. ἀπορουμένων δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ὁ Οἰδίπους ἀπεφήνατο ἄνθρωπον εἶναι τὸ προβληθέν: νήπιον μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸν ὑπάρ- χοντα τετράπουν εἶναι, αὐξήσαντα δὲ δίπουν, γηράσαντα δὲ τρίπουν, βακτηρίᾳ χρώμενον διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν. ἐνταῦθα τὴν μὲν σφίγγα κατὰ
12,6. that he was ἃ supposititious child. He had been reared by Polybus and Meropé as their own son.
2 Ancient art usually represented the sphinx with a woman’s head and bust on the body of a lioness.
20
BOOK IV. 64. 2-4
took the infant were unwilling to expose it, and gave it as a present to the wife of Polybus, since she could bear no children. Later, after the boy had attained to manhood, Laius decided to inquire of the god regarding the babe which had been exposed, and Oedipus likewise, having learned from someone of the substitution which had been made in his case,) set about to inquire of the Pythian priestess who were his true parents. In Phocis these two met face to face, and when Laius in a disdainful manner ordered Oedipus to make way for him, the latter in anger slew Laius, not knowing that he was his father.
At this very time, the myths go on to say, a sphinx, a beast of double form,? had come to Thebes and was propounding a riddle to anyone who might be able to solve it, and many were being slain by her because of their inability to doso. And although a generous reward was offered to the man who should solve it, that he should marry Jocasté and be king of Thebes, yet no man was able to comprehend what was propounded except Oedipus, who alone solved the riddle. What had been propounded by the sphinx was this: What is it that is at the same time a biped, a triped, and a quadruped?? And while all the rest were perplexed, Oedipus declared that the animal proposed in the riddle was “‘ man,” since as an infant he is a quadruped, when grown a biped, and in old age a triped, using, because of his infirmity, a staff. At this answer the sphinx, in
3 Cp. Mathew Prior, ‘‘ Two Riddles ” :
Tell me, what animal is that Which has four feet at morning bright, Has two at noon, and three at night.
21
ts
DIODORUS OF SICILY
τὸν μυθολογούμενον χρησμὸν ἑαυτὴν κατακρημνί- σαι, τὸν δ᾽ Οἰδίπουν γήμαντα τὴν ἀγνοουμένην ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ μητέρα γεννῆσαι δύο μὲν υἱοὺς ᾿᾽Ετεο- κλέα καὶ Πολυνείκην, δύο δὲ θυγατέρας *Avti- γόνην καὶ ᾿Ισμήνην.
65. Τῶν δ᾽ υἱῶν ἀνδρωθέντων, καὶ τῶν περὶ τὴν οἰκίαν ἀσεβημάτων γνωσθέντων, τὸν μὲν Οἰδίπουν ὑπὸ τῶν υἱῶν ἔνδον μένειν ἀναγκασθῆ- ναι διὰ τὴν αἰσχύνην, τοὺς δὲ νεανίσκους παραλα- βόντας τὴν ἀρχὴν ὁμολογίας θέσθαι πρὸς ἀλλή- λους παρ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν ἄρχειν. πρεσβυτέρου δ᾽ ὄντος Ἐτεοκλέους, τοῦτον πρῶτον ἄρξαι, καὶ διελθόντος τοῦ χρόνου μὴ βούλεσθαι παραδιδόναι τὴν βασιλείαν. τὸν δὲ Πολυνείκην κατὰ τὰς ὁμολογίας ἀπαιτεῖν τὴν ἀρχήν" τοῦ δ᾽ ἀδελφοῦ μὴ ὑπακούοντος φυγεῖν εἰς "Apyos πρὸς "Αδραστον τὸν βασιλέα.
Καθ᾿ ὃν δὴ χρόνον φασὶ Τυδέα τὸν Οἰνέως ἐν Καλυδῶνι τοὺς ἀνεψιοὺς ἀνελόντα ᾿Αλκάθουν καὶ Λυκωπέα φυγεῖν ἐκ τῆς Αἰτωλίας εἰς “Apyos. "Αδραστον δ᾽ ἀμφοτέρους ὑποδεξάμενον φιλοφρόνως κατά τι λόγιον συνοικίσαι τὰς θυγατέρας αὐτοῖς, ᾿Αργείαν μὲν Πολυνείκει, Δηιπύλην δὲ Τυδεῖ. εὐδοκιμούντων δὲ τῶν νεανίσκων καὶ μεγάλης ἀποδοχῆς ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως τυγχανόντων, φασὶ τὸν "Adpacrov χαριζόμενον αὐτοῖς ἐπαγγείλασθαι κατάξειν ἀμφοτέρους εἰς τὰς πατρίδας. κρί- ναντος δ᾽ αὐτοῦ πρῶτον καταγαγεῖν τὸν ἸΙολυνεί-
¥ > \ , > m , Knv, ἄγγελον eis τὰς Θήβας ἀποστεῖλαι Τυδέα πρὸς ᾿Βτεοκλέα περὶ τῆς καθόδου. ἐνταῦθά φασι τὸν μὲν Τυδέα ἐνεδρευθέντα κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ὑπὸ ᾿Ἑτεοκλέους πεντήκοντα ἀνδράσιν ἅπαντας ave- λεῖν καὶ παραδόξως εἰς τὸ “Apyos διασωθῆναι, 22
BOOK IV. 64. 4-65. 4
accordance with the oracle which the myth recounts, threw herself down a precipice, and Oedipus then married the woman who, unknown to himself, was his mother, and begat two sons, Eteocles and Poly- neices, and two daughters, Antigoné and Ismené.
65. When the sons had attained to manhood, they go on to say, and the impious deeds of the family became known, Oedipus, because of the disgrace, was compelled by his sons to remain always in retire- ment, and the young men, taking over the throne, agreed together that they should reign in alternate years. Eteocles, being the elder, was the first to reign, and upon the termination of the period he did not wish to give over the kingship. But Poly- neices demanded of him the throne as they had agreed, and when his brother would not comply with his demand he fled to Argos to king Adrastus.
At the same time that this was taking place Tydeus, they say, the son of Oeneus, who had slain his cousins Alcathoiis and Lycopeus in Calydon, fled from Aetolia to Argos. Adrastus received both the fugitives kindly, and in obedience to a certain oracle joined his daughters in marriage to them, Argeia to Polyneices, and Deipylé to Tydeus. And since the young men were held in high esteem and enjoyed the king’s favour to a great degree, Adrastus, they say, as a mark of his good-will promised to restore both Polyneices and Tydeus to their native lands. And having decided to restore Polyneices first, he sent Tydeus as an envoy to Eteocles in Thebes to negotiate the return. But while Tydeus was on his
way thither, we are told, he was set upon from
ambush by fifty men sent by Eteocles, but he slew every man of them and got through safe to Argos, to
23
DIODORUS OF SICILY
τὸν δ᾽ "Αδραστον πυθόμενον τὰ συμβάντα παρα- ᾽, Ul σκευάσασθαι τὰ πρὸς THY στρατείαν, πείσαντα μετασχεῖν τοῦ πολέμου Καπανέα τε καὶ ‘Imzope- “ 3 “ ~ δοντα καὶ Ilapfevoraiov τὸν ᾿Αταλάντης τῆς Σχοινέως. τοὺς δὲ περὶ τὸν Πολυνείκην ἐπιβαλέ- , ? ot ‘ , , σθαι πείθειν ᾿Αμφιάραον τὸν μάντιν συστρατεύειν αὐτοῖς ἐπὶ τὰς Θήβας: τοῦ δὲ προγινώσκοντος ὡς ἀπολεῖται συστρατεύσας αὐτοῖς, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ~ 3 - μὴ συγχωροῦντος, Ἰ]ολυνείκην φασὶ τὸν χρυσοῦν μὲ “a 3 / - ς ,ὔ ὅρμον, ὃν ᾿Αφροδίτην μυθολογοῦσιν “Αρμονίᾳ ~ “ἍΜ λ ~ Σ δωρήσασθαι, δοῦναι τῇ γυναικὶ τῇ ᾿Αμφιαράου, ὅπως τὸν ἀνδρα πείσῃ συμμαχῆσαι. Καθ’ ὃν δὴ χρόνον ᾿Αμφιαράου πρὸς "Αδραστον 7 A ~ / ξ ᾽, ,ὔ στασιάζοντος περὶ τῆς βασιλείας, ὁμολογίας θέσθαι πρὸς ἀλλήλους, καθ᾽ ἃς ἐπέτρεπον κρῖναι περὶ - 2 ᾿," 3 , “ \ τῶν ἀμφισβητουμένων ᾿Εριφύλην, γυναῖκα μὲν Φ > i 10 λ A δ᾽ ᾿ΔΑὃ 7 »- δὲ οὖσαν ᾿Αμφιαραου, adeAdnv ράστου. τῆς dE / \ " »"Ἅ τὸ νίκημα περιθείσης ᾿Αδράστῳ καὶ περὶ τῆς - / ἐπὶ Θήβας στρατείας ἀποφηναμένης δεῖν στρατεύειν, ~ 4 ὁ μὲν ᾿Αμφιάραος δόξας ὑπὸ τῆς γυναικὸς προδε- 7 ‘4 1 A e λό 3 λὰ δὲ δόσθαι συστρατεύσειν 1 μὲν ὡμολόγησεν, ἐντολὰς δὲ lan “a \ ¢ ~ ἔδωκεν ᾿Αλκμαίωνι τῷ υἱῷ μετὰ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ BY τ A > τελευτὴν ἀνελεῖν τὴν Ἐριφύ ἢν. οὗτος μὲν οὖν ὕστερον κατὰ τὰς τοῦ πατρὸς ἐντολὰς ἀνεῖλε τὴν μητέρα, καὶ διὰ τὴν συνείδησιν τοῦ μύσους εἰς μανίαν περιέστη: οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν “Adpacrov / A 7 , 7 Πολυνείκην καὶ Τυδέα προσλαβόμενοι τέτ- φ 7 ἾἌ ’ 7 4 K , tapas ἡγεμόνας, ᾿Αμφιάραόν τε καὶ Kazavea 1 So Dindorf: συστρατεῦσαι.
24
BOOK IV. 6s. 4-7
the astonishment of all, whereupon Adrastus, when he learned what had taken place, made preparations for the consequent campaign against Eteocles, having persuaded Capaneus and Hippomedon and Parthenopaeus, the son of Atalanté, the daughter of Schoeneus, to be his allies in the war. Polyneices also endeavoured to persuade the seer Amphiaraiis to take part with him in the campaign against Thebes; and when the latter, because he knew in advance that he would perish if he should take part in the campaign, would not for that reason consent to do so, Polyneices, they say, gave the golden neck- lace which, as the myth relates, had once been given by Aphrodité as a present to Harmonia, to the wife of Amphiaratis, in order that she might persuade her husband to join the others as their ally.
At the time in question Amphiaraiis, we are told, was at variance with Adrastus, striving for the kingship, and the two came to an agreement among themselves whereby they committed the decision of the matter at issue between them to Eriphylé, the wife of Ampbhiaraiis and sister of Adrastus. When Eriphylé awarded the victory to Adrastus and, with regard to the campaign against Thebes, gave it as her opinion that it should be undertaken, Amphiaraiis, believing that his wife had betrayed him, did agree to take part in the campaign, but left orders with his son Alcmaeon that after his death he should slay Eriphylé. Alemaeon, there- fore, at a later time slew his mother according to his father’s injunction, and because he was conscious of the pollution he had incurred he was driven to madness. But Adrastus and Polyneices and Tydeus, adding to their number four leaders, Amphiaraiis,
25
οῦ
©
bo
au)
DIODORUS OF SICILY
καὶ ἽἹππομέδοντα, ἔτι δὲ Παρθενοπαῖον τὸν ᾽ΑΤτα- λάντης τῆς Lyowews, ἐστράτευσαν ἐπὶ τὰς Θήβας, ἔχοντες δύναμιν ἀξιόλογον. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ᾽Ἔτεο- κλῆς μὲν καὶ Πολυνείκης ἀλλήλους ἀνεῖλον, Καπανεὺς δὲ βιαζόμενος καὶ διὰ κλίμακος ἀνα- βαίνων ἐπὶ τὸ τεῖχος ἐτελεύτησεν, ᾿Αμφιάραος δὲ χανούσης τῆς γῆς ἐμπεσὼν εἰς τὸ χάσμα μετὰ τοῦ ἅρματος ἄφαντος ἐγένετο. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἡγεμόνων ἀπολομένων πλὴν ᾿Αδρά- στου, καὶ πολλῶν στρατιωτῶν πεσόντων, οἱ μὲν Θηβαῖοι τὴν ἀναίρεσιν τῶν νεκρῶν οὐ συνεχώρη- σαν, ὁ δ᾽ Αδραστος καταλιπὼν ἀτάφους τοὺς τετελευτηκότας ἐπανῆλθεν εἰς “Apyos. ἀτάφων δὲ μενόντων τῶν ὑπὸ τὴν Καδμείαν πεπτωκότων σωμάτων, καὶ μηδενὸς τολμῶντος θάπτειν, ᾿Αθη- ναῖοι διαφέροντες τῶν ἄλλων χρηστότητι πάντας τοὺς ὑπὸ τὴν Καδμείαν πεπτωκότας ἔθαψαν.
66. Οἱ μὲν οὖν ἑπτὰ ἐπὶ Θήβας τοιοῦτον τὸ πέρας ἔσχον. οἱ δὲ τούτων παῖδες, ἐπίγονοι δ᾽ ὀνομασθέντες, τὸν τῶν πατέρων θάνατον ἐπεξιόντες ἔγνωσαν στρατεύειν κοινῇ ἐπὶ τὰς Θήβας, λαβόντες χρησμὸν παρ᾽ ᾿Απόλλωνος πολεμεῖν τὴν προειρη- μένην πόλιν στρατηγὸν ἔχοντας ᾿Αλκμαίωνα τὸν Ἀμφιαράου. ὁ δ᾽ ᾿Αλκμαίων αἱρεθεὶς ὑπ᾽’ αὐτῶν στρατηγὸς ἐπηρώτησε τὸν θεὸν περὶ τῆς ἐπὶ τὰς Θήβας στρατείας καὶ περὶ τῆς Ἐριφύλης τῆς μητρὸς κολάσεως. τοῦ δ᾽ ᾿Απόλλωνος γχρή-
1 The acropolis of Thebes.
2 According to Athenian tradition, Theseus made war upon Thebes in order to recover the bodies of the Seven and buried them in Hleusis. The Athenians took great pride in this achievement (ep. Herodotus, 9. 27), it being made the theme
26
BOOK IV. 65. 7-66. 3
Capaneus, Hippomedon, and Parthenopaeus, the son of Atalanté the daughter of Schoeneus, set out against Thebes, accompanied by a notable army. After this Eteocles and Polyneices slew each other, Capaneus died while impetuously ascending the wall by a scaling-ladder, and as for Amphiaraiis, the earth opened and he together with his chariot fell into the opening and disappeared from sight. When the rest of the leaders, with the exception of Adrastus, had likewise perished and many soldiers had fallen, the Thebans refused to allow the removal of the dead and so Adrastus left them unburied and returned to Argos. So the bodies of those who had fallen at the foot of the Cadmeia! remained unburied and no one had the courage to inter them, but the Athenians, who excelled all others in uprightness, honoured with funeral rites all who had fallen at the foot of the Cadmeia.’
66. As for The Seven against Thebes, such, then, was the outcome of their campaign. But their sons, who were known as Epigoni,? being intent upon avenging the death of their fathers, decided to make common cause in a campaign against Thebes, having received an oracle from Apollo that they should make war upon this city, and with Alemaeon, the son of Amphiaraiis, as their supreme commander. Alemaeon, after they had chosen him to be their commander, inquired of the god concerning the campaign against Thebes and also concerning the punishment of his mother Eriphylé. And Apollo
of the Suppliants of Euripides and of the lost Hleusintans of Aeschylus.
3 ‘Afterborn”’?; one of the “ Cyclic” epics told of their attack upon Thebes.
27
ΓΝ
DIODORUS OF SICILY
σαντος ἀμφότερα τὰ προειρημένα πρᾶξαι διὰ τὸ μὴ μόνον τὸν χρυσοῦν ὅρμον δέξασθαι κατὰ τῆς ἀπωλείας τοῦ πατρός, ἀλλὰ καὶ πέπλον λαβεῖν αὐτὴν κατὰ τῆς τοῦ υἱοῦ τελευτῆς: ᾿Αφροδίτης γάρ, ws φασι, τὸ παλαιὸν δωρησαμένης “Αρμονίᾳ τῇ Κάδμου τόν τε ὅρμον καὶ πέπλον, ἀμφότερα ταῦτα προσδέξασθαι τὴν ᾿Εριφύλην, τὸν μὲν ὅρμον παρὰ Ἰ]ολυνείκους λαβοῦσαν, τὸν δὲ πέπλον παρὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ Πολυνείκους Θερσάνδρου, ὅπως πείσῃ τὸν υἱὸν στρατεύειν ἐπὶ τὰς Θήβας: ὁ δ᾽ οὖν ᾿Αλκμαίων οὐ μόνον ἀθροίσας ἐξ "Apyous στρατιώτας, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκ τῶν πλησίον πόλεων, ἀξιολόγῳ δυνάμει ἐστράτευσεν ἐπὶ τὰς Θήβας. ἀντιταχθέντων δὲ τῶν Θηβαίων ἐγένετο μάχη καρτερά, καθ᾽ ἣν ἐνίκησαν οἱ περὶ τὸν ᾿Αλκμαίωνα: οἱ δὲ Θηβαῖοι λειφθέντες τῇ μάχῇ καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν πολιτῶν ἀποβαλόντες συνετρίβησαν ταῖς ἐλπίσιν. οὐκ ὄντες δ᾽ ἀξιόμαχοι σύμβουλον ἔλαβον Τειρε- σίαν τὸν μάντιν, ὃς ἐκέλευσε φυγεῖν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως" μόνως γὰρ οὕτω σωθήσεσθαι. οἱ μὲν οὖν Kad- μεῖοι κατὰ τὴν τοῦ μάντεως ὑποθήκην ἐξέλιπον τὴν πόλιν, καὶ νυκτὸς συνέφυγον εἴς τι χωρίον τῆς Βοιωτίας ὀνομαζόμενον Τιλφωσσαῖον. ἔπειθ᾽ οἱ μὲν ἐπίγονοι τὴν πόλιν ἑλόντες διήρπασαν, καὶ τῆς Τειρεσίου θυγατρὸς Δάφνης ἐγκρατεῖς γενόμενοι ταύτην ἀνέθεσαν εἰς Δελφοὺς κατά τινα εὐχὴν ἀκροθίνιον τῷ θεῷ.
αὕτη δὲ τῇ μ᾿ 7) € THY
BOOK IV. 66. 3-6
replied that he should perform both these deeds, not only because Eriphylé had accepted the golden necklace in return for working the destruction of his father, but also because she had received a robe as a reward for securing the death of her son. [or Aphrodité, as the tale is told, in ancient times had given both the necklace and a robe as presents to Harmonia, the daughter of Cadmus, and Eriphylé had accepted both of them, receiving the necklace from Polyneices and the robe from Thersandrus, the son of Polyneices, who had given it to her in order to induce her to persuade her son to make the campaign against Thebes. Alcmaeon, accord- ingly, gathered soldiers, not only from Argos but from the neighbouring cities as well, and so had a notable army as he set out on the campaign against Thebes. The Thebans drew themselves up against him and a mighty battle took place in which Alemaeon and his allies were victorious; and the Thebans, since they had been worsted in the battle and had lost many of their citizens, found their hopes shat- tered. And since they were not strong enough to offer further resistance, they consulted the seer Teiresias, who advised them to flee from the city, for only in this way, he said, could they save their lives. Consequently the Cadmeans left the city, as the seer had counselled them to do, and gathered for refuge by night in a place in Boeotia called Tilphossaeum. Thereupon the Epigoni took the city and sacked it, and capturing Daphné, the daughter of Teiresias, they dedicated her, in accord- ance with a certain vow, to the service of the temple at Delphi as an offering to the god of the first-fruits of the booty. This maiden possessed no less know-
29
DIODORUS OF SICILY
μαντικὴν οὐχ ἧττον τοῦ πατρὸς εἰδυῖα, πολὺ μᾶλλον ἐν τοῖς Δελφοῖς διατρίψασα τὴν τέχνην ἐπηύξησε᾽: φύσει δὲ θαυμαστῇ κεχορηγημένη χρησμοὺς ἔγραψε παντοδαπούς, διαφόρους ταῖς κατασκευαῖς: παρ᾽ ἧς φασι καὶ τὸν ποιητὴν “Ὅμηρον πολλὰ τῶν ἐπῶν σφετερισάμενον κοσμῆ- σαι τὴν ἰδίαν ποιήσιν. ἐνθεαζούσης δ᾽ αὐτῆς πολλάκις καὶ χρησμοὺς ἀποφαινομένης, φασὶν ἐπικληθῆναι Σίβυλλαν: τὸ γὰρ ἐνθεάζειν κατὰ γλῶτταν ὑπάρχειν σιβυλλαΐίνειν.
61. Οἱ δ᾽ ἐπίγονοι τὴν στρατείαν ἐπιφανῆ πεποιημένοι μετὰ πολλῶν λαφύρων ἀνέκαμψαν εἰς τὰς πατρίδας. τῶν δὲ Καδμείων τῶν συμ- φυγόντων εἰς τὸ Τιλφωσσαῖον Τειρεσίας μὲν ἐτελεύτησεν, ὃν θάψαντες λαμπρῶς οἱ Καδμεῖοι τιμαῖς ἰσοθέοις ἐτίμησαν: αὐτοὶ δὲ μετανα- στάντες ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἐπὶ Δωριεῖς ἐστράτευσαν, καὶ μάχῃ νικήσαντες τοὺς ἐγχωρίους ἐκείνους μὲν ἐξέβαλον ἐκ τῶν πατρίδων, αὐτοὶ δ᾽ ἐπί τινας χρόνους κατοικήσαντες, οἱ μὲν ἐν αὐτῇ κατέμειναν, οἱ δ᾽ ἐπανῆλθον εἰς τὰς Θήβας, Κρέοντος τοῦ Μενοικέως βασιλεύοντος. οἱ δ᾽ ἐκ τῶν πατρίδων ἐξελαθέντες ὕστερόν τισι χρόνοις κατῆλθον εἰς τὴν Δωρίδα καὶ κατῴκησαν ἐν ᾿Ερινεῷ καὶ Kutwiw καὶ Bad.
Πρὸ δὲ τούτων τῶν χρόνων Βοιωτὸς 6 "Αρνης καὶ Ποσειδῶνος καταντήσας εἰς τὴν τότε μὲν Αἰολίδα, νῦν δὲ Θετταλίαν καλουμένην, τοὺς μεθ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ Βοιωτοὺς ὠνόμασε. περὶ δὲ τῶν Αἰολέων τούτων ἀναγκαῖον προσαναδραμόντας
1 4,e. Doris,
3°
BOOK IV. 66. 6-67. 2
ledge of prophecy than her father, and in the course of her stay at Delphi she developed her skill to a far greater degree; moreover, by virtue of the employment of a marvellous natura] gift, she also wrote oracular responses of every sort, excelling in their composition ; and indeed it was from her poetry, they say, that the poet Homer took many verses which he appropriated as his own and with them adorned his own poesy. And since she was often like one inspired when she delivered oracles, they say that she was also called Sibylla, for to be inspired in one’s tongue is expressed by the word sebyllainein. 67. The Epigoni, after they had made their cam- paign renowned, returned to their native lands, bear-. ing with them great booty. Of the Cadmeans who fled in a body to Tilphossaeum, Teiresias died there, and the Cadmeans buried him in state and accorded him honours equal to those offered to the gods; but as for themselves, they left the city and marched against the Dorians; and having conquered them in battle they drove out of their native lands the in- habitants of that country! and they themselves settled there for some time, some of them remaining there permanently and others returning to Thebes when Creon, the son of Menoeceus, was king. But those who had been expelled from their native lands returned at some later period to Doris and made their homes in Erineus, Cytinium, and Boeum. Before the period in which these things took place, Boeotus, the son of Arné and Poseidon, came into the land which was then called Aeolis but is now called Thessaly, and gave to his followers the name of Boeotians. But concerning these inhabitants of Aeolis, we must revert to earlier times and give a
31
oS
DIODORUS OF SICILY
Tots χρόνοις τὰ κατὰ μέρος ἐκθέσθαι. ἐν τοῖς Ψ' / ~ 3} a “- ἔμπροσθεν χρόνοις τῶν Αἰόλου τοῦ “Ἕλληνος τοῦ ’ ~ A Δευκαλίωνος υἱῶν ot μὲν ἄλλοι κατῴκησαν ἐν aA / τοῖς προειρημένοις τόποις, Μίμας δὲ μείνας 3 ,ὔ ~ > ALO ,ὔ \ ¢ 7 ἐβασίλευσε τῆς Αἰολίδος. Μέμαντος δὲ ἹἹππότης γενόμενος ἐκ Μελανίππης ἐτέκνωσεν Αἰόλον- , 3 4% / , bj τούτου ὃ ρνὴ γενομένη θυγάτηρ Βοιωτὸν > ~ > ? 7, > > ~ > ἐκ Ἰ]οσειδῶνος ἐγέννησεν. Aiddos δ᾽ ἀπιστῶν εἰ ~ 3 “Ὁ -“ Ποσειδῶνι ἐμίγη καὶ τῇ φθορᾷ μεμφόμενος, παρ- ,ὔ ἔδωκε τὴν ἤΑλρνην Μεταποντίῳ ξένῳ κατὰ τύχην ~ “ παρεπιδημοῦντι, προστάξας ἀπάγειν εἰς Μεταπόν- τιον. τούτου δὲ πράξαντος τὸ προσταχθέν, ἡ “A , > M , > , 3} ρνὴ τρεφομένη ἐν Μεταποντίῳ ἐγέννησεν Αἰόλον 4 ¢ καὶ Βοιωτόν, ots ὃ Μεταπόντιος, ἄπαις ὦν, κατά 4 ae τίνα χρησμὸν υἱοποιήσατο. οὗτοι δ᾽ ἀνδρω- » - θέντες, στάσεως γενομένης ἐν τῷ Μεταποντίῳ, ,ὔ os Bia κατέσχον τὴν βασιλείαν. ὕστερον δὲ τῆς ‘ - [Αρνης διενεχθείσης πρὸς Αὐτολύτην τὴν γυναῖκα σι f ~ fond τοῦ Μεταποντίου, βοηθοῦντες τῇ μητρὶ τὴν ’ f > - ~ 4 f - Αὐτολύτην ἀνεῖλον. δεινῶς δὲ φέροντος τοῦ Μετα- , ᾽ὔ a ποντίου τὸ συμβεβηκός, πλοῖα παρασκευασάμενοι ‘ 4 v > Xr f 55 ) Α καὶ τὴν "Ἄρνην ἀναλαβόντες ἐξέπλευσαν μετὰ ~ , 7 x > \ bd “~ πολλῶν φίλων. Αἰόλος μὲν οὖν τὰς ἐν τῷ Γυρρηνικῷ πελάγει καλουμένας ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ νήσους , 4 ie Αἰολίδας κατέσχε, καὶ πόλιν ἔκτισε THY ὀνομαζο- ’ «> 3 } A f B ‘ 4 4 μένην ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ Λιπάραν: Βοιωτὸς δὲ πλεύσας 3 >? Α os “A f 4 ‘ πρὸς Atodov τὸν τῆς “Apvys πατέρα, καὶ τεκνωθεὶς « 3 > Fans f ~ 2 λί é vm αὐτοῦ, παρέλαβε τῆς Αἰολίδος τὴν βασιλείαν"
1 ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ Wesseling: ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ MSS., Dindorf, Bekker but deleted by Eichstadt, Vogel; cf. ὅ. 7. 5.
32
BOOK IV. 67. 2-6
detailed account of them. In the times before that which we are discussing the rest of the sons of Aeolus, who was the son of Hellen, who was the son of Deucalion, settled in the regions we have men- tioned, but Mimas remained behind and ruled as king of Aeolis. Hippotes, who was born of Mimas, begat Aeolus by Melanippé, and Arné, who was the daughter of Aeolus, bore Boeotus by Poseidon. But Aeolus, not believing that it was Poseidon who had lain with Arné and holding her to blame for her downfall, handed her over to a stranger from Metapontium who happened to be sojourning there at the time, with orders to carry her off to Metapontium. And after the stranger had done as he was ordered, Arné, while living in Metapontium, gave birth to Aeolus and Boeotus, whom the Metapontian, being childless, in obedience to a certain oracle adopted as his own sons. When the boys had attained to manhood, a civil discord arose in Metapontium and they seized the kingship by violence. Later, however, a quarrel took place between Arné and Autolyté, the wife of the Metapontian, and the young men took the side of their mother and slew Autolyté. But the Meta- pontian was indignant at this deed, and so they got boats ready and taking Arné with them set out: to sea accompanied by many friends. Now Aeolus took possession of the islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea which are called after him “ Aeolian” and founded a city to which he gave the name Lipara;! but Boeotus sailed home to Aeolus, the father of Arné, by whom he was adopted and in succession to him he took over the kingship of Aeolis; and the land
1 In Book 5. 7. 5 Diodorus states that this city was named after Liparus.
33
DIODORUS OF SICILY
καὶ τὴν μὲν χώραν ἀπὸ τῆς μητρὸς “Apyny, τοὺς δὲ λαοὺς ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ Βοιωτοὺς ὠνόμασε. Βοιωτοῦ δὲ Ἴτωνος γενόμενος ἐτέκνωσεν υἱοὺς τέτταρας, Ἱππάλκιμον καὶ ᾿Ηλεκτρύωνα, ἔτι δ᾽ ᾿Αρχίλυκον καὶ ᾿Αλεγήνορα. τούτων δ᾽ ἹἹππάλκιμος μὲν ἐγέννησε ]Πηνέλεων, ᾿Ηλεκτρύων δὲ Λήιτον, ᾽Αλε- γήνωρ δὲ Κλονίον, ᾿Αρχίλυκος δὲ Προθοήνορα καὶ ᾿Αρκεσίλαον τοὺς ἐπὶ Τροίαν στρατευσαμένους ἡγεμόνας τῶν ἁπάντων Βοιωτῶν.
68. Τούτων δ᾽ ἡμῖν διευκρινημένων, πειρα- σόμεθα διελθεῖν περὶ Σαλμωνέως καὶ Τυροῦς καὶ τῶν ἀπογόνων ἕως Νέστορος τοῦ στρατεύ- σαντος ἐπὶ Τροίαν. Σαλμωνεὺς γὰρ ἦν υἱὸς Αἰόλου τοῦ “Ἕλληνος τοῦ Δευκαλίωνος: οὗτος δ᾽ ἐκ τῆς Αἰολίδος ὁρμηθεὶς μετὰ πλειόνων Αἰολέων ᾧκισε τῆς ᾿Ηλείας παρὰ τὸν ᾿Αλφειὸν ποταμὸν πόλιν καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ Σαλμωνίαν. γήμας δ᾽ ᾿Αλκιδίκην τὴν ᾿Αλέου ἐγέννησε θυγατέρα τὴν προσαγορευθεῖσαν Τυρώ, κάλλει διαφέρουσαν. ᾿ τῆς δὲ γυναικὸς ᾿Αλκιδίκης ἀποθανούσης ἐπέγημε τὴν ὀνομαζομένην Σιδηρώ: αὕτη δὲ χαλεπῶς διετέθη πρὸς τὴν Tupw, ὡς ἂν μητρυιά. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Σαλμωνεύς, ὑβριστὴς ὧν καὶ ἀσεβής, ὑπὸ μὲν τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων ἐμισήθη, ὑπὸ δὲ Διὸς διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν ἐκεραυνώθη. τῇ δὲ Τυροῖ, παρθένῳ κατ᾽ ἐκείνους τοὺς χρόνους οὔσῃ, Ποσειδῶν μιγεὶς παῖδας ἐγέννησε Πελίαν καὶ Νηλέα. ἡ δὲ Τυρὼ συνοικήσασα Κρηθεῖ ἐτέκνωσεν ᾿Αμυθάονα καὶ Φέρητα καὶ Αἴσονα. Κρηθέως δὲ τελευτή- σαντος ἐστασίασαν περὶ τῆς βασιλείας Πελίας τε καὶ Νηλεύς: τούτων δὲ Πελίας μὲν ᾿Ιωλκοῦ καὶ
1 So Vogel: καὶ πόλιν ἔκτισεν MSS., Dindorf, Bekker. 34
BOOK IV. 67. 6-68. 3
he named Arné after his mother, but the inhabitants Boeotians after himself. And Itonus, the son of Boeotus, begat four sons, Hippalcimus, Electryon, Archilycus, and Alegenor. Of these sons Hippal- cimus begat Peneleos, Electryon begat Leitus, Alegenor begat Clonius, and Archilycus begat Prothoénor and Arcesilatis, who were the leaders of all the Boeotians in the expedition against Troy.
68. Now that we have examined these matters we shall endeavour to set forth the facts concerning Salmoneus and Tyro and their descendants as far as Nestor, who took part in the campaign against Troy. Salmoneus was a son of Aeolus, who was the son of Hellen, who was the son of Deucalion, and setting out from Aeolis with a number of Aeolians he founded a city in Eleia on the banks of the river Alpheius and ealled it Salmonia after his own name. And marrying Alcidicé, the daughter of Aleus, he begat by her a daughter, her who was given the name Tyro, a maiden of surpassing beauty. When his wife Alcidicé died Salmoneus took for a second wife Sidero, as she was called, who treated Tyro unkindly, as a step-mother would. Afterwards Salmoneus, being an overbearing man and impious, came to be hated by his subjects and because of his impiety was slain by Zeus with a bolt of lightning. As for Tyro, who was still a virgin when this took place, Poseidon lay with her and begat two sons, Pelias and Neleus. Then Tyro married Cretheus and bore Amythaon and Pheres and Aeson. But at the death of Cretheus a strife over the kingship arose between Pelias and Neleus. Of these two Pelias came to be king over Joleus and the neigh-
35
or
or)
DIODORUS OF SICILY
τῶν πλησίον χωρίων ἐβασίλευσε, Νηλεὺς δὲ παραλαβὼν 1 Μελάμποδα καὶ Βίαντα τοὺς ᾿Αμυ- θάονος καὶ ᾿Αγλαΐας υἱοὺς καί τινας ἄλλους τῶν ᾿Αχαιῶν 3 Φθιωτῶν καὶ τῶν Αἰολέων ἐστράτευσεν εἰς Π}ελοπόννησον. καὶ Μελάμπους μὲν μάντις ὧν τὰς ᾿Αργείας γυναῖκας μανείσας διὰ τὴν Διο- νύσου μῆνιν ἐθεράπευσεν, ἀντὶ δὲ ταύτης τῆς εὐεργεσίας χάριν ἔλαβε παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως τῶν Ἀργείων ᾿Αναξαγόρου τοῦ Μεγαπένθους τὰ δύο μέρη τῆς βασιλείας: κατοικήσας δ᾽ ἐν ἴἤΑργει κοινὴν ἐποιήσατο τὴν βασιλείαν Βίαντι τῷ ἀδελφῷ. γήμας δὲ ᾿Ιφιάνειραν τὴν Μεγαπένθους ἐτέκνωσεν ᾿Αντιφάτην καὶ Μαντώ, ἔτι δὲ Βίαντα καὶ Προνόην- ᾿Αντιφάτου δὲ καὶ Ζευξίππης τῆς Ἱπποκόωντος Οἰκλῆς καὶ ᾿Αμφάλκης ὑπῆρξαν, Οἰκλέους δὲ καὶ “ὕπερμνήστρας τῆς Θεσπίου ᾿Ἰφιάνειρα καὶ Πολύβοια καὶ ᾿Αμφιάραος ἐγένοντο. Μελάμπους μὲν οὖν καὶ Βίας καὶ οἱ ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνων οὕτω τῆς ἐν ἼΑργει βασιλείας μετέσχον, Νηλεὺς δὲ μετὰ τῶν συνακολουθησάντων παραγενόμενος εἰς Μεσσήνην πόλιν ἔκτισε Πύλον, δόντων αὐτῷ τῶν ἐγχωρίων. ταύτης δὲ βασιλεύων καὶ γήμας Χλῶριν τὴν ᾽Αμ- φίονος τοῦ Θηβαίου, παῖδας ἐγέννησε δώδεκα, ὧν ἦν πρεσβύτατος μὲν [lepixAdpevos, νεώτατος δὲ Νέστωρ 6 ἐπὶ Τροίαν στρατεύσας.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν Νέστορος προγόνων ἀρκεσ- θησόμεθα τοῖς ρηθεῖσι, στοχαζόμενοι τῆς συμ- μετρίας.
69. Περὶ δὲ τῶν ὃ Λαπιθῶν καὶ Κενταύρων
* So Vogel, παραλαβὼν δὲ Νηλεὺς A, Νηλεὺς omitted by the other MSS.
* καὶ after ᾿Αχαιῶν deleted by Hertlein.
36
BOOK IV. 68. 3-69. 1
bouring districts, but Neleus, taking with him Melampous and Bias, the sons of Amythaon and Aglaia, and certain other Achaeans of Phthiotis and Aeolians, made a campaign into the Peloponnesus. Melampous, who was a seer, healed the women of Argos of the madness which the wrath of Dionysus had brought upon them, and in return for this benefaction he received from the king of the Argives, Anaxagoras the son of Megapenthes, two-thirds of the kingdom; and he made his home in Argos and shared the kingship with Bias his brother. And marrying Iphianeira, the daughter of Megapenthes, he begat Antiphates and Manto, and also Bias and Pronoé; and of Antiphates and of Zeuxippé, the daughter of Hippocoén, the children were Oecles and Amphalces, and to Oecles and Hypermnestra, the daughter of Thespius, were born Iphianeira, Polyboea, and Amphiaratis. Now Melampous and Bias and their descendants shared in the kingship in Argos, as we have stated, but Neleus, when he had arrived in Messené together with his com- panions, founded the city of Pylus, the natives of the region giving him the site. And while king of this city he married Chloris, the daughter of Amphion the Theban, and begat twelve sons, the oldest of whom was Periclymenus and the youngest the Nestor who engaged in the expedition against Troy.
iN regards the ancestors of Nestor, then, we shall be satisfied with what has been said, since we are aiming at due proportion in our account.
69. We shall now discuss in turn the Lapiths and
8 σῶν omitted by DM, Vogel. 37
bo
Φ 9
DIODORUS OF SICILY
ἐν “μέρει διέξιμεν. ᾽Ωκεανοῦ καὶ “Τηθύος κατὰ τοὺς μύθους παῖδες ἐγένοντο πλείους ποταμῶν ἐπώνυμοι, ἐν οἷς καὶ Πηνειός, ἀφ᾽ οὗ συνέβη τὸν ἐν Θετταλίᾳ “Πηνειὸν ὀνομασθῆναι. οὗτος δὲ μιγεὶς νύμφῃ τῇ προσαγορευομένῃ Κρεούσῃ παῖδας ἐγέννησεν ᾿Ὑψέα καὶ Στίλβην, 7 ἡ μιψεὶς ᾿Απόλλων Λαπίθην καὶ Κένταυρον ἐγέννησε. καὶ τούτων Λαπίθης μὲν κατοικῶν περὶ τὸν Πηνειὸν ποταμὸν ἐβασίλευσε τῶν τόπων τούτων, γή γήμας δὲ ᾽Ορσινό- μὴν τὴν Ἐὐρυνόμου ἐγέννησεν υἱοὺς δύο, Φόρ-
βαντα καὶ ΠΕερίφαντα. οὗτοι μὲν οὖν ἐνταῦθα
ἐβασίλευσαν, οἱ δὲ σύμπαντες λαοὶ ἀπὸ Λαπίθου
Λαπίθαι προσηγορεύθησαν. τῶν δ᾽ υἱῶν τῶν Λαπίθου Φόρβας μὲν εἰς "Ὥλενον παρῆλθεν, ἐξ ἧς μεταπεμψάμενος αὐτὸν ᾿Αλέκτωρ ὁ τῆς ᾿Ηλείας βασιλεὺς βοηθόν, φοβούμενος τὴν Πέλοπος δυναστείαν, τῆς ev "Ηλιδι βασιλείας μετέδωκεν" ἐκ δὲ Φόρβαντος ὑπῆρξαν υἱοὶ δύο, Αἰγεὺς καὶ Ἄκτωρ, οἵ τὴν ᾿Ηλείων βασιλείαν παραλαβόν- τες. ὃ δ᾽ ἕτερος τῶν Λαπίθου παίδων Περίφας γήμας ᾿Αστυάγυιαν τὴν ‘Tews ἐγέννησεν ὀκτὼ παῖδας, ὧν ἦν πρεσβύτατος ᾿Αντίων, ὃς μιγεὶς Περιμήλᾳ τῇ ᾿Αμυθάονος ἐ ἐγέννησεν ᾿Ιξίονα. οὗτος » ὥς φασιν, ὑποσχόμενος ἕδνα πολλὰ δώσειν ᾿Ηϊονεῖ ἔγημε τὴν ᾿Ηϊονέως θυγατέρα Δίαν, ἐξ ἧς ἐγέννησε Πειρίθουν. ἔπειθ᾽ 6 μὲν Ἰξίων οὐκ ἀπέδωκε τὰ ἕδνα τῇ γυναικί, ὁ δ᾽ ᾿Ηϊονεὺς τὰς ἵππους ἀντὶ τούτων ἠνεχύρασεν. ὁ δ᾽ Ἰξίων τὸν ᾿Ηϊονέα μετεπέμψατο ono: πάντα ὑπακούσεσθαι, καὶ τὸν ᾿Ηϊονέα παραγενόμενον ἔβαλεν εἰς βόθρον πυρὸς μεστόν. διὰ δὲ τὸ μέγεθος
38
BOOK IV. 69. 1-4
Centaurs. To Oceanus and Tethys, so the myths relate, were born a number of sons who gave their names to rivers, and among them was Peneius, from whom the river Peneius in Thessaly later got its name. He lay with the nymph named Creiisa and begat as children Hypseus and Stilbé, and with the latter Apollo lay and begat Lapithes and Centaurus. Of these two, Lapithes made his home about the Peneius river and ruled over these regions, and marrying Orsinomé, the daughter of Eurynomus, he begat two sons, Phorbas and Periphas. And these
- sons became kings in this region and all the peoples
there were called “ Lapiths” after Lapithes. As for the sons of Lapithes, Phorbas went to Olenus, from which city Alector, the king of Eleia, sum- moned him to come to his aid, since he stood in fear of the overlordship of Pelops, and he gave him a share of the kingship of Elis; and to Phorbas were born two sons, Aegeus and Actor, who received the kingship over the Eleans. The other son of Lapithes, namely, Periphas, married Astyaguia, the daughter of Hypseus, and begat eight sons, the oldest of whom was Antion, who lay with Perimela, the daughter of Amythaon, and begat Ixion. He, the story goes, having promised that he would give many gifts of wooing to Eioneus, married Dia, the daughter of Eioneus, by whom he begat Peirithoiis. But when afterward Ixion would not pay over the gifts of wooing to his wife, Eioneus took as security for these his mares. Ixion thereupon summoned Eioneus to come to him, assuring him that he would comply in every respect, but when Ejoneus arrived he cast him into a pit which he had filled with fire. Because of the enormity of this crime no man, we are informed,
39
DIODORUS OF SICILY
“~ , “ , o~ 4 τῆς παρανομίας μηδένα βούλεσθαι καθᾶραι τὸν , ’ > ς 4 ~ 4 A 4 , φόνον. τέλος δ᾽ ὑπὸ Tot Διὸς κατὰ τοὺς μύθους ς ᾽ 3 4 ΄- Ὁ 4 7 ἁγνισθείς, ἠράσθη μὲν τῆς “Hpas καὶ κατετόλ- μησὲν ὑπὲρ συνουσίας λόγους ποιεῖσθαι. ἔπειτα 4 Ἀ A wv , “~ Ψ f τὸν μὲν Δία εἴδωλον ποιήσαντα τῆς “Hpas νεφέλην 3 “A A 41 3 / »"» 7 7 ἐξαποστεῖλαι, τὸν δὲ ᾿Ιξίονα τῇ νεφέλῃ μιγέντα γεννῆσαι τοὺς ὀνομαζομένους Κενταύρους ἀνθρω- A , \ a eS a ‘ ποφυεῖς. τέλος δὲ μυθολογοῦσι τὸν ᾿Ιξίονα διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τῶν ἡμαρτημένων ὑπὸ Διὸς εἰς τροχὸν ἐνδεθῆναι, καὶ τελευτήσαντα τὴν τιμωρίαν ἔχειν αἰώνιον. 10. Τοὺς δὲ Κενταύρους τινὲς μέν φασιν ἐν τῷ [Πηλίῳ τραφῆναι ὑπὸ Νυμφῶν, ἀνδρωθέντας ‘ f ~ δὲ Kal μιγέντας ἵπποις θηλείαις γεννῆσαι τοὺς ὀνομαζομένους διφυεῖς “Ἱπποκενταύρους: τινὲς A f 4 > 4 ‘ 3 7 δὲ λέγουσι τοὺς ἐκ Νεφέλης καὶ ᾿Ιξίονος γεννη- θέντας Κενταύρους πρώτους ἱππεύειν ἐπιχειρή- σαντας ᾿ἱπποκενταύρους ὠνομάσθαι καὶ εἰς πλάσμα 7 ~ e - δ 4 4 μύθου καταταχθῆναι ws dudvets ὄντας. φασὶ δὲ τούτους ὡς συγγενεῖς ὑπάρχοντας ἀπαιτῆσαι τὸν Πειρίθουν τὸ μέρος τῆς πατρῴας ἀρχῆς: » 3 ’, Ἀ -- , 7 3 οὐκ ἀποδιδόντος δὲ τοῦ [Πειρίθου πόλεμον ἐξενεγ- κεῖν πρὸς αὐτόν τε καὶ τοὺς Λαπίθας. ὕστερον 4 , 3 ~ , 4 7 δὲ διαλυθέντων αὐτῶν [Πειρίθους μὲν γήμας ¢ , 4 B , 1 4 λέ 3 Ἱπποδάμειαν τὴν Βούτου, καὶ καλέσαντος εἰς τοὺς γάμους τόν τε Θησέα καὶ τοὺς Κενταύρους, ‘ f > , a , φασὶ μεθυσθέντας ἐπιβαλέσθαι ταῖς κεκλημέναις -" 4 / ? A 4 4 7 γυναιξὶ καὶ βίᾳ μίσγεσθαι, διὰ δὲ τὴν παρανομίαν 1 So Palmer : βύστου.
40
BOOK IV. 69. 4-70. 3
was willing to purify him of the murder. The myths recount, however, that in the end he was purified by Zeus, but that he became enamoured of Hera and had the temerity to make advances to her. There- upon, men say, Zeus formed a figure of Hera out of a cloud and sent it to him, and Ixion, lying with the cloud (Nephelé) begat the Centaurs, as they are called, which have the shapes of men. But the myths relate that in the end Ixion, because of the enormity of his misdeeds, was bound by Zeus upon a wheel and after death had to suffer punishment for all eternity.
70. The Centaurs, according to some writers, were reared by Nymphs on Mt. Pelion, and when they had attained to manhood they consorted with mares and brought into being the Hippocentaurs, as they are called, which are creatures of double form; but
‘others say that it was the Centaurs born of Ixion and
Nephelé who were called Hippocentaurs, because they were the first to essay the riding of horses, and that they were then made into a fictitious myth, to the effect that they were of double form. We are also told that they demanded of Peirithotis, on the ground of kinship,! their share of their father’s king- dom, and that when Peirithotis would not yield it to them they made war on both him and the Lapiths. At a later time, the account goes on to say, when they had made up their differences, Peirithoiis married Hippodameia, the daughter of Butes, and invited both Theseus and the Centaurs to the wed- ding. The Centaurs, however, becoming drunken assaulted the female guests and lay with them by
1 Txion was the father both of the Centaurs and of Peirithoiis.
41τ
ἘΦ
DIODORUS OF SICILY
τόν τε Θησέα καὶ τοὺς Λαπίθας παροξυνθέντας οὐκ ὀλίγους μὲν ἀνελεῖν, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς ἐκβαλεῖν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως. διὰ δὲ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν τῶν Κενταύ- ρων πανδημεὶ στρατευσάντων ἐπὶ τοὺς Λαπίθας καὶ πολλοὺς ἀνελόντων, τοὺς ὑπολειφθέντας φυγεῖν εἰς Φολόην 1 τῆς ᾿Αρκαδίας, τέλος 3 δ᾽ εἰς Μαλέαν ἐκπεσόντας ἐνταῦθα κατοικῆσαι. τοὺς δὲ Κενταύ- ρους μετεωρισθέντας τοῖς προτερήμασι, καὶ ὅρμω- μένους ἐκ τῆς Dodons, λήζεσθαι τοὺς παριόντας τῶν “Ἑλλήνων καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν περιοίκων ἀναιρεῖν.
171. Τούτων δ᾽ ἡμῖν διευκρινημένων πειρα- σόμεθα διελθεῖν περὶ ᾿Ασκληπιοῦ καὶ τῶν ἀπογό- νων αὐτοῦ. μυθολογοῦσι τοίνυν ᾿Ασκληπιὸν ᾿Απόλ- Awvos υἱὸν ὑπάρχειν καὶ Kopwvidos, φύσει δὲ καὶ ἀγχινοίᾳ διενεγκόντα ζηλῶσαι τὴν ἰατρικὴν
3 / \ Ἀ ~ ἐπιστήμην, Kat πολλὰ τῶν συντεινόντων πρὸς
ὑγίειαν ἀνθρώπων ἐξευρεῖν. ἐπὶ τοσοῦτο δὲ προβῆναι τῇ δόξῃ ὥστε πολλοὺς τῶν ἀπεγνωσμένων ἀρρώστων παραδόξως θεραπεύειν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πολλοὺς δοκεῖν τῶν τετελευτηκότων ποιεῖν πάλιν ζῶντας. διὸ καὶ τὸν μὲν “Αἰδην μυθολογοῦσιν ἐγκαλοῦντα τῷ ᾿Ασκληπιῷ κατηγορίαν αὐτοῦ ποιήσασθαι πρὸς τὸν Δία ὡς τῆς ἐπαρχίας αὐτοῦ ταπεινουμένης: ἐλάττους γὰρ ἀεὶ γίνεσθαι τοὺς τετελευτηκότας, θεραπευομένους ὑπὸ τοῦ ᾿Ασκλη- πιοῦ. καὶ τὸν μὲν Δία παροξυνθέντα κεραυνώ-
1 For Φολόην Eichstadt, followed by Dindorf and Bekker,
reads Devedy. * τέλος Wurm, Vogel, τινὰς D, Dindorf, Bekker, τινὲς II.
42
BOOK IV. 70. 3-71. 3
violence, whereupon both Theseus and the Lapiths, incensed by such a display of lawlessness, siew not a few of them and drove the rest out of the city. Because of this the Centaurs gathered all their forces, made a campaign against the Lapiths, and slew many of them, the survivors fleeing into Mt. Pholoé in Arcadia and ultimately escaping from there to Cape Malea, where they made their home. And the Centaurs, elated by these successes, made Mt. Pholoé the base of their operations, plundered the Greeks who passed by, and slew many of their neighbours.
71. Now that we have examined these matters we shall endeavour to set forth the facts concerning Asclepius and his descendants. This, then, is what the myths relate: Asclepius was the son of Apollo and Coronis, and since he excelled in natural ability and sagacity of mind, he devoted himself to the science of healing and made many discoveries which contribute to the health of mankind. And so far did he advance along the road of fame that, to the amazement of all, he healed many sick whose lives had been despaired of, and for this reason it was believed that he had brought back to life many who had died. Consequently, the myth goes on to say, Hades brought accusation against Asclepius, charg- ing him before Zeus of acting to the detriment of his own province, for, he said, the number of the dead was steadily diminishing, now that men were being healed by Asclepius. So Zeus, in indignation,
1 The text of the preceding sentences has been suspected. Contrary to the accepted tradition Diodorus makes the Centaurs, not the Lapiths, victorious, and locates the ultimate home of the Lapiths, not of the Centaurs, on Cape Malea.
43
toa
DIODORUS OF SICILY
σαντα τὸν ᾿Ασκληπιὸν διαφθεῖραι, τὸν δ᾽ ᾿Απόλ- λωνα διὰ τὴν ἀναίρεσιν τούτου παροξυνθέντα φονεῦσαι τοὺς τὸν κεραυνὸν τῷ Ati κατασκευά- σαντας Κύκλωπας: ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ τούτων τελευτῇ παροξυνθέντα τὸν Δία προστάξαι τῷ ᾿Απόλλωνι θητεῦσαι παρ᾽ ἀνθρώπῳ, καὶ ταύτην τὴν τιμωρίαν λαβεῖν παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τῶν ἐγκλημάτων. ᾿Ασκλη- πιοῦ δέ φασι γενομένους υἱοὺς Μαχάονα καὶ Ποδαλείριον, καὶ τὴν τέχνην ἐκπονήσαντας, ἐπὶ Τροίαν συστρατεῦσαι τοῖς περὶ τὸν ’Ayapéuvova: κατὰ δὲ τὸν πόλεμον μεγάλας χρείας αὐτοὺς παρασχέσθαι τοῖς “EAAnot, θεραπεύοντας ἐμπειρό- τατα τοὺς τιτρωσκομένους, καὶ διὰ τὰς εὐεργεσίας ταύτας ὑπὸ τῶν ᾿Ἑλλήνων μεγάλης τυχεῖν δόξης" ἀτελεῖς δ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἀφεῖναι τῶν κατὰ τὰς μάχας κινδύνων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων λειτουργιῶν διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς ἐν τῷ θεραπεύειν εὐχρηστίας.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν ᾿Ασκληπιοῦ καὶ τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ τοῖς ῥηθεῖσιν ἀρκεσθησόμεθα.
72. Περὶ δὲ τῶν ᾿Ασωποῦ θυγατέρων καὶ τῶν Αἰακῷ γενομένων υἱῶν νῦν διέξιμεν. ᾽Ωκεανοῦ καὶ Τηθύος κατὰ τοὺς μύθους ἐγένοντο παῖδες ἄλλοι τε πλείους ἐπώνυμοι ποταμῶν, ἐν οἷς ὑπάρ- ξαι ]]ηνειὸν καὶ ᾿Ασωπόν. [Πηνειὸς μὲν οὖν κατοικήσας περὶ τὴν νῦν οὖσαν Θετταλίαν ἐπώ- νυμον ἑαυτοῦ τὸν προειρημένον ποταμὸν ἐποίη- σεν’ ᾿Ασωπὸς δ᾽ ἐν Φλιοῦντι κατοικήσας ἔγημε Μετώπην τὴν Λάδωνος, ἐξ ἧς ἐγένοντο δύο μὲν
1 Literally, “liturgies.” Diodorus throws back into mythological times the “‘liturgic”’ services of many Greek cities, which were performed in turn and at their own expense by wealthier citizens, such as the equipping and maintenance of a
44
BOOK IV. 71. 3-72. 1
slew Asclepius with his thunderbolt, but Apollo, indignant at the slaying of Asclepius, murdered the Cyclopes who had forged the thunderbolt for Zeus ; but at the death of the Cyclopes Zeus was again indignant and laid a command upon Apollo that he should serve as a labourer for a human being and that this should be the punishment he should receive from him for his crimes. To Asclepius, we are told further, sons were born, Machaon and Podaleirius, who also developed the healing art and accompanied Agamemnon in the expedition against Troy. Throughout the course of the war they were of great service to the Greeks, healing most skilfully the wounded, and because of these benefactions they attained to great fame among the Greeks; furthermore, they were granted exemption from the perils of battles and from the other obligations of citizenship,! because of the very great service which they offered by their healing.
Now as regards Asclepius and his sons we shall be satisfied with what has been said.
72. We shall now recount the story of the daughters of Asopus and of the sons who were born to Aeacus. According to the myths there were born to Oceanus and Tethys a number of children who gave their names to rivers, and among their number were Peneius and Asopus. Now Peneius made his home in what is now Thessaly and called after himself the river which bears his name; but Asopus made his home in Phlius, where he married Metopé, the daughter of Ladon, to whom were born two sons,
warship, the training of a chorus for a dramatic performance or of a team of men from each tribe for the torch-race, and the like.
45
DIODORUS OF SICILY
¢ Α ‘ υἱοί, Πελασγὸς καὶ ᾿Ισμηνός, θυγατέρες δὲ δώδεκα, , 4 , 3, 3 μι ‘ 7 Κόρκυρα καὶ Σαλαμίς, ἔτι δ᾽ Atywa καὶ Πειρήνη \ 4 4 / , καὶ Ἀλεώνη, πρὸς δὲ ταύταις Θήβη τε καὶ Tdvaypa " ‘ καὶ Oé€orea Kat ᾿Ασωπίς, ἔτι δὲ Σινώπη, πρὸς δὲ ταύταις ᾿᾽Ορνία καὶ Χαλκίς. τούτων δ᾽ Ἶσμη- νὸς μὲν εἰς Βοιωτίαν ἐλθὼν κατῴκησε περὶ τὸν ποταμὸν τὸν ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνου τὴν ὁμωνυμίαν λαβόντα, “ x é 7 4 t ‘ 3 é τῶν δὲ θυγατέρων Σινώπη μὲν ὑπὸ ᾿Απόλλωνος ἁρπαγεῖσα ἀπηνέχθη πρὸς τοῦτον τὸν τόπον οὗ νῦν > > 3 b) “ ἐστιν ἡ am ἐκείνης ὀνομασθεῖσα πόλις Σινώπη: 4 3 ἐκ δὲ ταύτης καὶ ᾿Απόλλωνος γενόμενος υἱὸς 27 > i ~ Σύρος ἐβασίλευσε τῶν ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνου Σύρων ὀνομασ- θέντων. ἸΚόρκυρα δ᾽ ὑπὸ Ἰ]οσειδῶνος ἀπηνέχθη ~ > 3 f εἰς νῆσον τὴν ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνης Κόρκυραν ὀνομαζομένην": , \ A ~ ἐκ ταύτης δὲ καὶ Jlocedadvos ἐγένετο Φαίαξ, 3 a ~ “- ἀφ᾽ οὗ τοὺς Φαίακας συνέβη τυχεῖν ταύτης τῆς , ᾽ προσηγορίας. Φαίακος δ᾽ ἐγένετο ᾿Αλκίνοος ὁ Ai 3 , A el ᾿ > 7 τὸν ᾿Οδυσσέα καταγαγὼν εἰς τὴν ᾿Ιθάκην. Σαλα- - ~ “- pis δ᾽ ὑπὸ Ἰ]οσειδῶνος ἁρπαγεῖσα ἐκομίσθη εἰς \ > 2 “ ~ “- ~ τὴν ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς νῆσον Σαλαμῖνα προσαγορευθεῖσαν" ‘4 4 a ~ αὕτη δὲ μιγεῖσα Ἰ[οσειδῶνι Kuypéa! ἐγέννησεν, “- 7 6s βασιλεύσας τῆς νήσου ταύτης καὶ γενόμενος > ~ ἐπιφανὴς ἀπέκτεινεν ὄφιν ὑπερφυῆ τὸ μέγεθος 4 καὶ λυμαινόμενον τοὺς ἐγχωρίους. Αἴγινα δ᾽ ἐκ Φλιοῦντος ὑπὸ Διὸς ἁρπαγεῖσα εἰς νῆσον 3 / 4 ἀπεκομίσθη τὴν am ἐκείνης Αἴγιναν ὀνομασ- ~ / " a θεῖσαν, ἐν ταύτη δὲ Au μιγεῖσα ἐτέκνωσεν Αἰακόν, ὃς ἐβασίλευσε τῆς νήσου. fA 3 > / . © 4 s 4 f Tovrov δ᾽ ἐγένοντο υἱοὶ Ἰ[ηλεὺς καὶ Τελαμών. 7 A A / A 3 , 3 7 τούτων δὲ [ηλεὺς δίσκῳ βαλὼν ἀπέκτεινεν ἀκουσίως Od ς “ 10 r , 2 2 ‘ Α ὥκον ὁμοπάτριον ἀδελφόν, ἐξ ἄλλης δὲ μητρὸς γεγενημένον. διὰ δὲ τὸν φόνον Πηλεὺς ὑπὸ 46
BOOK IV. 72. 1-6
Pelasgus and Ismenus, and twelve daughters, Cor- eyra and Salamis, also Aegina, Peirené, and Cleoné, then Thebé, Tanagra, Thespeia, and Asopis, also Sinopé, and finally Ornia and Chalcis. One of his sons, Ismenus, came to Boeotia and settled near the river which received its name from him; but as for the daughters, Sinopé was seized by Apollo and carried off to the place where now stands the city of Sinopé, which was named after her, and to her and Apollo was born a son Syrus, who became king of the Syrians, who were named after him. Corcyra was carried off by Poseidon to the island which was named Corcyra after her; and to her and Poseidon was born Phaeax, from whom the Phaeacians after- wards received the name they bear. To Phaeax was born Alcinoiis, who brought about the return of Odysseus to Ithaca.1 Salamis was seized by Poseidon and taken to the island which was named Salamis after her; and she lay with Poseidon and bore Cychreus, who became king of this island and acquired fame by reason of his slaying a snake of huge size which was destroying the inhabitants of the island. Aegina was seized by Zeus and taken off by him from Phlius to the island which was named Aegina after her, and lying with Zeus on this island she gave birth to Aeacus, who became its king.
To Aeacus sons were born, Peleus and Telamon. Of these, Peleus, while hurling a discus, accidentally slew Phocus, who was his brother by the same father although born of another mother. Because of this slaying Peleus was banished by his father and
1 Cf. the Odyssey, 13. 1 ff.
1 So Wesseling : Κεγχρήα. 47
29
DIODORUS OF SICILY
~ 4 4 3 ~ ~ ra τοῦ πατρὸς φυγαδευθεὶς ἔφυγε τῆς νῦν Θετταλίας καλουμένης εἰς Φθίαν, καὶ καθαρθεὶς ὑπὸ ΓΑκτορος
~ L4 f 4 ᾽, # τοῦ βασιλέως διεδέξατο τὴν βασιλείαν, ἄπαιδος ” “ἊΨ > x 1 , ‘ t ὄντος Tot “Axropos. ἐκ δὲ Πηλέως καὶ Θέτιδος
, 3 Ἀ > f 3 3 γενόμενος ᾿Αχιλλεὺς ἐστράτευσε μετ Αγαμέ- μνονος εἰς Τροίαν. Τελαμὼν. δὲ φυγὼν ἐξ Αἰγίνης κατήντησεν εἰς Σαλαμῖνα, καὶ γήμας Κυχρέως τοῦ βασιλέως τῶν Σαλαμινίων θυγατέρα Γλαύκην ἐβασίλευσε τῆς νήσου. τῆς δὲ γυναικὸς ᾿λαύκης ἀποθανούσης ἔγημεν ἐξ ᾿Αθηνῶν ᾿Ερίβοιαν τὴν ᾿Αλκάθου, ἐξ ἧς ἐγέννησεν Αἴαντα τὸν ἐπὶ Τροίαν στρατεύσαντα.
73. Τούτων δ᾽ ἡμῖν διευκρινημένων πειρασό- μεθα διελθεῖν περὶ Ἰ]έλοπος καὶ Ταντάλου καὶ Οἰνομάου: ἀναγκαῖον δὲ τοῖς χρόνοις προσανα- δραμόντας ἡμᾶς ἀπ᾽ ἀρχῆς ἐν κεφαλαίοις ἅπαντα διελθεῖν. κατὰ γὰρ τὴν Πελοπόννησον ἐν πόλει Πίσῃ Ἄρης ᾿Αρπίῃ τῇ ᾿Ασωποῦ θυγατρὶ μιγεὶς ἐγέννησεν ,Θἰνόμαον. οὗτος δὲ θυγατέρα μονο- γενῆ γεννήσας ὠνόμασεν Ἱπποδάμειαν. χρηστη- ριαζομένῳ δ᾽ αὐτῷ περὶ τῆς τελευτῆς ἔχρησεν ὃ θεὸς τότε τελευτήσειν αὐτὸν ὅταν ἡ θυγάτηρ ᾿Ἱπποδάμεια συνοικήσῃ. εὐλαβούμενον οὖν αὐτὸν περὶ τοῦ γάμου τῆς θυγατρὸς κρῖναι ταύτην
f , e ,ὔ ,ὔ παρθένον διαφυλάττειν, ὑπολαμβάνοντα μόνως
“ 3 ᾽ὔ 3 f ,ὔ ~ οὕτως ἐκφεύξεσθαι τὸν κίνδυνον. διόπερ πολλῶν μνηστευομένων τὴν κόρην, ἦθλον προετίθει τοῖς βουλομένοις αὐτὴν γῆμαι τοιοῦτον: ἔδει τὸν μὲν ἡττηθέντα τελευτῆσαι, τὸν δ᾽ ἐπιτυχόντα γαμεῖν τὴν κόρην. ὑπεστήσατο δ᾽ ἱπποδρομίαν ἀπὸ τῆς
48
BOOK IV. 72. 6-73. 3
fled to Phthia in what is now called Thessaly, where he was purified by Actor the king of the country and succeeded to the kingship, Actor being child- less. To Peleus and Thetis was born Achilleus, who accompanied Agamemnon in the expedition against Troy. Telamon, being also a fugitive from Aegina, went to Salamis and marrying Glaucé, the daughter of Cychreus, the king of the Salaminians, he became king of the island. When his wife Glaucé died he married Eriboea of Athens, the daughter of Alcathus, by whom he begat Ajax, who served in the expedition against Troy.
73. Now that we have examined these matters we shall endeavour to set forth the facts concerning Pelops and Tantalus and Oenomaiis, but to do so we must revert to earlier times and give in summary the whole story from the beginning. The account runs like this: In the city of Pisa in the Peloponnesus Ares lay with Harpiné, the daughter of Asopus, and begat Oenomaiis, who, in turn, begat a daughter, an only child, and named her Hippodameia. And once when he consulted an oracle about the end of his life the god replied to him that he should die whenever his daughter Hippodameia should marry. Consequently, we are told, he proceeded cautiously regarding the marriage of his daughter and decided to see that she was kept a virgin, assuming that only in this way could he escape from the danger which her marriage would entail. And so, since there were many suitors for the girl’s hand, he proposed a con- test for any who wished to marry her, the conditions being that the defeated suitor must die, but who- ever should win would have the girl in marriage. The contest he set was a chariot-race from Pisa to
49
55
DIODORUS OF SICILY
? / ~ 4 Ko θ *T θ ~ \ Πίσης μέχρι τοῦ κατὰ Κόρινθον ᾿Ισθμοῦ πρὸς 4 i ~ I δῶ 4 >’ Ld ~ τὸν βωμὸν τοῦ Ioceddvos, τὴν δ᾽ ἄφεσιν τῶν >] ¢ 4 > it ἵππων ἐποίησε τοιαύτην. ὁ μὲν Οἰνόμαος ἔθυε - f 3 κριὸν τῷ Διί, 6 δὲ μνηστευόμενος ἐξώρμα τέ- Α ~ ¢ ~ θριππον ἐλαύνων ἅρμα: ἁγισθέντων δὲ τῶν ἱερῶν, x : ~ Ἶ τότε ἄρχεσθαι τοῦ δρόμου τὸν Οἰνόμαον καὶ ~ Α διώκειν τὸν μνηστῆρα, ἔχοντα δόρυ καὶ ἡνίοχον ι , : ὃ᾽ +s? - \ tov Μυρτίλον: et ἐφίκοιτο καταλαβεῖν τὸ ~ / ἃ διωκόμενον ἅρμα, τύπτειν τῷ δόρατι καὶ δια- - 4 ~ φθείρειν τὸν μνηστῆρα. τούτῳ δὲ τῷ τρόπῳ 7) ᾽7 A τοὺς del μνηστευομένους καταλαμβάνων διὰ τὴν . 7 “~ ΄ Ἀ > / f ὀξύτητα τῶν ἵππων πολλοὺς ἀνήρει. Πέλοψ > ς , 7 ἢ a. \ 7 δ᾽ ὁ Ταντάλου καταντήσας εἰς Πῖσαν, καὶ θεασά- 3 - μενος τὴν ᾿ἱπποδάμειαν, ἐπεθύμησε τοῦ γάμου" i λ 3 « sf ~ . 7 i φθείρας δὲ τὸν ἡνίοχον τοῦ Οἰνομάου Μυρτίλον, 4 Ἁ A % 4 ’ Ψ καὶ λαβὼν συνεργὸν πρὸς τὴν νίκην, ἔφθασε > 4 4 3 ᾿ t ~ παραγενόμενος ἐπὶ tov ᾿Ισθμὸν πρὸς τὸν τοῦ Π δῶ ᾽ e 5° Ot 7 i λό οσειδῶνος βωμόν. ὁ ἰνόμαος τὸ λόγιον λέ θ ᾽ A ὃ Α ‘ Av 10 7 τετελέσθαι νομίζων, καὶ διὰ τὴν λύπην ἀθυμήσας, ~ oad 7 A ~ αὑτὸν ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν μετέστησε. τούτῳ δὲ TH τρόπῳ , / 4 € “ , ‘ Πέλοψ γήμας τὴν ᾿ἹἹπποδάμειαν παρέλαβε τὴν 3 3 ’, A Ν A 3 , \ ἐν Πίσῃ βασιλείαν, καὶ διὰ τὴν ἀνδρείαν καὶ σύνεσιν ἀεὶ μᾶλλον αὐξόμενος τοὺς πλείστους ~ 3 f τῶν κατὰ τὴν Πελοπόννησον οἰκούντων προση- > 33 e “- γάγετο, καὶ τὴν χώραν ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ Ἰ]ελοπόννη- σον προσηγόρευσεν. > 7 4 / > f > 74. Ἐπεὶ δὲ Πέλοπος ἐμνήσθημεν, avay- καῖόν ἐστι καὶ περὶ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ ᾿Γαντάλου - e 4 - 3 ~ 3207 , διελθεῖν, ἵνα μηδὲν τῶν axons ἀξίων παραλίπω-
50
BOOK IV. 73. 3-74. 1
the altar of Poseidon on the Isthmus of Corinth! and the starting of the horses he arranged as follows: Oenomaiis was to be sacrificing a ram to Zeus, when the suitor should set out, driving a chariot drawn by four horses; then, when the sacrifice had been completed, Oenomaiis was to begin the race and make after the suitor, having a spear and Myrtilus as his driver, and if he should succeed in overtaking the chariot which he was pursuing he was to smite the suitor with the spear and slay him. By employ- ing this method he kept overtaking the suitors as they appeared, his horses being swift, and was slay- ing them in great numbers. But when Pelops, the son of Tantalus, came to Pisa and looked upon Hippodameia, he set his heart upon marrying her, and by corrupting Myrtilus, the charioteer of Oenomaiis, and thus securing his co-operation to- ward winning the victory, he was the first to arrive at the altar of Poseidon on the Isthmus. And Oenomaiis, believing that the oracle had been ful- filled, was so disheartened by grief that he removed himself from life. In this way, then, Pelops got Hippodameia for his wife and succeeded to the sovereignty of Pisa, and increasing steadily in power by reason of his courage and his wisdom, he won over to himself the larger number of those who dwelt in the Peloponnesus and called the land after his own name “ Peloponnesus.’’ ?
74. And since we have made mention of Pelops, we must also relate the story concerning his father Tantalus, in order that we may omit nothing which
1 About eighty miles, as the crow flies, but there was no direct road between the two points. a “ὁ Island of Pelops.”’
51
ts
io)
DIODORUS OF SICILY
εν Τάνταλος Διὸς μὲν ἦν υἱός, πλούτῳ
‘ ῖ 4 / “~ de καὶ δόξῃ διαφέρων κατῴκει τῆς ᾿Ασίας περὶ 5 ~ 3 / τὴν νῦν ὀνομαζομένην Ilad¢dAayoviayv. διὰ δὲ \ 3 4 “- Ἁ A τὴν amo τοῦ πατρὸς Atos εὐγένειαν, ws φασι, ’ ee “ “. φίλος ἐγένετο τῶν θεῶν ἐπὶ πλέον. ὕστερον Ἁ λ δὲ τὴν εὐτυχίαν οὐ φέρων ἀνθρωπίνως, καὶ μετα- x ~ A σχὼν κοινῆς τραπέζης καὶ πάσης παρρησίας, > , “~ 3 4 “A ἀπήγγελλε Tots ἀνθρώποις τὰ παρὰ τοῖς ἀθανάτοις Σ ’ 3 4] ~ ἀπόρρητα. du ἣν αἰτίαν καὶ ζῶν ἐκολάσθη καὶ > τελευτήσας αἰωνίου κατὰ τοὺς μύθους τιμωρίας μ , \ > a ἠξιώθη, καταταχθεὶς ὃ εἰς τοὺς ἀσεβεῖς. τούτου δ᾽ > ἢ al ΄“λ 4 ‘ N , θ , σ ἐγένετο IléAo υἱὸς καὶ Νιόβη θυγάτηρ: αὕτη Σ δ᾽ ἐγέννησεν υἱοὺς ἑπτὰ καὶ θυγατέρας τὰς af Σ ,ὔ ὃ 7 3 3 ἢ \ ~ 7 ἰσας εὐπρεπείᾳ διαφερούσας.3 ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ πλήθει ~ / / “~ τῶν τέκνων μέγα φρυαττομένη πλεονάκις ἐκαυχᾶτο A ~ ~ καὶ τῆς Λητοῦς ἑαυτὴν εὐτεκνοτέραν ἀπεφαίνετο. tm ¢ 4 εἶθ᾽ ἡ μὲν Λητὼ κατὰ τοὺς μύθους χολωσαμένη / ~ A “~ προσέταξε TH μὲν ᾿Απόλλωνι κατατοξεῦσαι τοὺς e y ~ N ,ὔ ~ δ᾽ "A / ὃ x θ f υἱοὺς τῆς Νιόβης, τῇ ρτέμιδι τὰς θυγατέρας. / ~ τούτων δ᾽ ὑπακουσάντων TH μητρὶ καὶ κατὰ τὸν 3 3 Α ~ αὐτὸν καιρὸν κατατοξευσάντων τὰ τέκνα τῆς f ὔ 4 f 3 Νιόβης, συνέβη τὴν προειρημένην ὑφ᾽ ἕνα καιρὸν Lr aed Ὁ ad ὀξέως ἅμα εὔτεκνον Kal ἄτεκνον γενέσθαι. ἐπεὶ Ἀ € 7 “ ~ δὲ ὁ Τάνταλος μισηθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν θεῶν ἐξέπεσεν 3 ~ ,ὔ ig ion” ~ ,ὔ 3 ex τῆς Παφλαγονίας ὑπὸ “IXov τοῦ Tpwds, ἀναγ- nf ‘ 4 > katov ἐστι καὶ τὰ περὶ TOV Ἶλον καὶ τοὺς προγόνους αὐτοῦ διελθεῖν. ~ / ,ὔ ~ Σ , 75. Τῆς Τρῳάδος χώρας πρῶτος ἐβασίλευσε 1 So Bekker: παραλείπωμεν. ὃ So Dindorf: καταχθείς. 3 > ’ rd . εὐπρεπείᾳ διαφερούσας omitted by D, Bekker, Vogel, retained by Dindorf. 1 Leto was the mother of Apollo and Artemis. 52
BOOK IV. 74. 1-75. 1
deserves to be made known. Tantalus was a son of Zeus, and he possessed surpassing wealth and renown, dwelling in that part of Asia which is now called Paphlagonia. And because of his noble descent from Zeus his father he became, as men say, a very especial friend of the gods. At a later time, however, he did not bear as a human being should the good fortune which came to him, and being admitted to the common table of the gods and to all their intimate talk as well, he made known to men happenings among the immortals which were not to be divulged. For this reason he was chastened while yet in this life and after his death, as the myths relate, was condemned to eternal punishment by being rated in Hades among the impious. To him were born a son Pelops and a daughter Niobé, and Niobé became the mother of seven sons and an equal number of daughters, maids of exceeding beauty. And since she gave herself haughty airs over the number of her children, she frequently declared in boastful way that she was more blest in her children than was Leto! At this, so the myths tell us, Leto in anger commanded Apollo to slay with his arrows the sons of Niobé and Artemis the daughters. And when these two hearkened to the command of their mother and slew with their arrows the children of Niobé at the same time, it came to pass that immedi- ately, almost in a single moment, that woman was both blest with children and childless. But since Tantalus, after he had incurred the enmity of the gods, was driven out of Paphlagonia by Ilus, the son of Tros, we must also set forth all that relates to [lus and his ancestors.
75. The first to rule as king over the land of Troy
53
to
DIODORUS OF SICILY
~ ~ ~ \
Τεῦκρος, vids ὧν Σκαμάνδρου τοῦ ποταμοῦ Kat
"Τὸ i 7 > A 3 7 4 4% λ A > 47>
aias νύμφης, ἀνὴρ emipavns, καὶ τοὺς λαοὺς ad
΄- ͵ 7 > 5 f
ἑαυτοῦ Tevxpous προσηγόρευσε. Tevxpov δ᾽ ἐγέ-
\ f e
vero θυγάτηρ Βάτεια' ταύτην de Δάρδανος ὁ
/ Διὸς γήμας, Kat τὴν βασιλείαν διαδεξάμενος, 3 “- >] , f
τοὺς μὲν λαοὺς ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ ὠνόμασε Aapdavous,
f 5 > ἢ > A θ λά 3 7 > 45
πόλιν δ᾽ οἰκίσας ἐπὶ θαλάττης ὠνόμασεν ad
4 “-- fa ὃ 7 ὃ᾽ Ἢ Ao ey
ἑαυτοῦ Δάρδανον. τούτου ριχθόνιος υἱὸς
γενόμενος εὐδαιμονίᾳ καὶ πλούτῳ πολὺ διήνεγκε"
‘ Ὄ 1 ¢ i σ ᾽
περὶ οὗ καὶ ὃ ποιητὴς “Ομηρός φησι,
3) ὃ 4 3 7 , θ “» > θ i 7
ds δὴ ἀφνειότατος γένετο θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων “-Μ “ 7
τοῦ τρισχίλιαι ἵπποι ἕλος κάτα βουκολέοντο.
Ἐριχθονίου δ᾽ υἱὸς γενόμενος Τρὼς τοὺς λαοὺς ~ Fond > 3 ὠνόμασεν ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ Τρῶας. τούτου δ᾽ ἐγένοντο rt e 6? > 4 ͵ Γ 40 Τ]Ίλ τρεῖς υἱοί, Ἶλος, ᾿Ασσάρακος, ἰ'ανυμήδης. ος ’ - μὲν οὖν ᾧκισεν ἐν πεδίῳ πόλιν ἐπιφανεστάτην τῶν ἐν τῇ Τρῳάδι, ἤΪλιον ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ θέμενος τὴν προσ- ηγορίαν. “lAov δὲ γενόμενος υἱὸς Λαομέδων Τιθω- \ νὸν καὶ Πρίαμον ἐγέννησεν: ὧν Τιθωνὸς μὲν στρα- ’, +] 4 4 [2 7 ~ Δ f Ἀ ὃ a τεύσας εἰς TA πρὸς EW μέρη τῆς ᾿Ασίας καὶ διατεὶ [2 He] ’ > θ λ 40 3 1 Ἢ Font ~ vas ἕως Αἰθιοπίας ἐμυθολογήθη ἐξ ots τεκνῶ- nn 4 + oat Μέμνονα τὸν τοῖς Τρωσὶ βοηθήσαντα καὶ ὑπ 3 7 ᾿Αχιλλέως ἀναιρεθέντα, [Πρίαμος δ᾽ “ExaBny γής- n i @ μας σὺν ἄλλοις πλείοσιν υἱοῖς ἐγέννησεν “Exropa τὸν ἐπισημότατον γενόμενον ἐν τῷ ρωικῷ πολέμῳ. ᾿Ασσάρακος δὲ Δαρδάνων βασιλεύσας a a 2 Κάπυν ἐγέννησεν, ἐξ οὗ τεκνωθεὶς ᾿Αγχίσης ἐξ 1 ἐξ Dindorf: μὲν ἐξ.
1 This nymph was later known by the name Idaea. 2 Thad, 20. 220-21.
54
BOOK IV. 75. 1-5
was Teucrus, the son of the river-god Scamandrus and a nymph of Mt. Ida;! he was a distinguished man and caused the people of the land to be called Teucrians, after his own name. To Teucrus was born a daughter Bateia, whom Dardanus, the son of Zeus, married, and when Dardanus succeeded to the throne he called the people of the land Dardanians after his own name, and founding a city on the shore of the sea he called it also Dardanus after himself. To him a son Erichthonius was born, who far excelled in good fortune and in wealth. Of him the poet Homer ? writes :
The wealthiest was he of mortal men;
Three thousand mares he had that grazed through- out
His marshy pastures.
To Erichthonius was born a son Tros, who called the people of the land Trojans, after his own name. To Tros were born three sons, Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymedes. [lus founded in a plain a city which was the most renowned among the cities in the Troad, giving it after himself the name Ilium. And to Ilus was born a son Laomedon, who begat Tithonus and Priam; and Tithonus, after making a campaign against those parts of Asia which lay to the east of him and pushing as far as Ethiopia,? begat by Eos, as the myths relate, Memnon, who came to the aid of the Trojans and was slain by Achilleus, whereas Priam married Hecabé and begat, in addition to a number of other sons, Hector, who won very great distinction in the Trojan War. Assaracus became king of the Dardanians and begat Capys, whose
8 Perhaps Assyria is meant; cp. vol. 1, p. 422, note 2. 9
4
DIODORUS OF SICILY
᾿Αφροδίτης Αἰνείαν ἐγέννησε τὸν ἐπιφανέστατον τῶν Τρώων. Τ᾽ ανυμήδης δὲ τῶν ἁπάντων εὐπρε- πείᾳ διαφέρων ὑπὸ τῶν θεῶν ἀνηρπάγη τῷ Διὶ 3 - οἰνοχοεῖν.
Τούτων δ᾽ ἡμῖν διευκρινημένων πειρασόμεθα διεξιέναι περὶ Δαιδάλου καὶ Μινωταύρου καὶ τῆς Μίνωος στρατείας εἰς Σικελίαν ἐπὶ Ἱζώκαλον τὸν βασιλέα.
76, Δαίδαλος ἦν τὸ μὲν γένος ᾿Αθηναῖος, εἷς
τῶν Ἐρεχθειδῶν ὀνομαζόμενος: ἦν γὰρ υἱὸς Μητίονος τοῦ Εὐπαλάμου τοῦ ᾿Ερεχθέως: φύσει δὲ πολὺ τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας ὑπεραίρων ἐζήλωσε τά τε περὶ τὴν τεκτονικὴν τέχνην καὶ τὴν τῶν ἀγαλμάτων κατασκευὴν καὶ λιθουργίαν. εὑρετὴς δὲ γενόμενος πολλῶν τῶν συνεργούντων εἰς τὴν τέχνην, κατεσκεύασεν ἔργα θαυμαζόμενα κατὰ πολλοὺς τόπους τῆς οἰκουμένης. κατὰ δὲ τὴν τῶν ἀγαλμάτων κατασκευὴν τοσοῦτο τῶν ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων διήνεγκεν ὥστε τοὺς μεταγενεστέρους μυθολογῆσαι περὶ αὐτοῦ διότι τὰ κατασκευα- ζόμενα τῶν ἀγαλμάτωι' ὁμοιότατα τοῖς ἐμψύχοις ὑπάρχει: βλέπειν τε γὰρ αὐτὰ καὶ περιπατεῖν, καὶ καθόλου τηρεῖν τὴν τοῦ ὅλου σώματος διά- θεσιν, ὥστε δοκεῖν εἶναι τὸ κατασκευασθὲν ἐμ- ψυχον ζῷον. πρῶτος δ᾽ ὀμματώσας καὶ διαβε- κότα τὰ σκέλη ποιήσας, ἔτι δὲ τὰς χεῖρας διατεταμένας ποιῶν, εἰκότως ἐθαυμάζετο παρὰ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις" οἱ γὰρ πρὸ τούτου τεχνῖται κατεσκεύαζον τὰ ἀγάλματα τοῖς μὲν ὄμμασι μεμυκότα, τὰς δὲ χεῖρας ἔχοντα καθειμένας καὶ ταῖς πλευραῖς κεκολλημένας.
‘O δ᾽ οὖν Δαίδαλος κατὰ τὴν φιλοτεχνίαν 56
BOOK IV. 75. 5-76. 4
son was Anchises, who by Aphrodité begat Aeneas, the most renowned man among the Trojans. And Ganymedes, who excelled all men in beauty, was snatched up by the gods to serve as the cupbearer of Zeus.
But now that we have examined these matters we shall endeavour to set forth what relates to Daedalus, the Minotaur, and the expedition of Minos into Sicily against King Cocalus.
76. Daedalus was an Athenian by birth and was known as one of the clan named Erechthids, since he was the son of Metion, the son of Eupalamus, the son of Erechtheus. In natural ability he towered far above all other men and cultivated the building art, the making of statues, and the working of stone. He was also the inventor of many devices which contributed to the advancement of his art and built works in many regions of the inhabited world which arouse the wonder of men. In the carving of his statues he so far excelled all other men that later generations invented the story about him that the statues of his making were quite like their living models; they could see, they said, and walk and, in a word, preserved so well the characteristics of the entire body that the beholder thought that the image made by him was a being endowed with life. And since he was the first to represent the open eye and to fashion the legs separated in a stride and the arms and hands as extended, it was a natural thing that he should have received the admiration of mankind; for the artists before his time had carved their statues with the eyes closed and the arms and hands hanging and attached to the sides.
But though Daedalus was an object of admiration
Sf
DIODORUS OF SICILY
/ 2, 3 “ ,ὕ θαυμαζόμενος ἔφυγεν ἐκ τῆς πατρίδος, καταδι- ‘ > 4 “~ κασθεὶς ἐπὶ φόνῳ διὰ τοιαύτας αἰτίας. τῆς ἰδελφῆς τῆς Δαιδάλ ios Τάλ ἀδελφῆς τῆς Δαιδάλου γενόμενος υἱὸς Τάλως > “ A / - bit \ ¢ 7 ἐπαιδεύετο παρὰ Δαιδάλῳ, παῖς ὧν τὴν ἡλικίαν" εὐφυέστερος δ᾽ ὧν τοῦ διδασκάλου τόν τε κερα- μευτικὸν τροχὸν εὗρε καὶ σιαγόνι περιτυχὼν A ὄφεως, καὶ ταύτῃ ξυλήφιον μικρὸν διαπρίσας, 3 ἐμιμήσατο τὴν τραχύτητα τῶν ὀδόντων: διόπερ κατασκευασάμενος ἐκ σιδήρου πρίονα, καὶ διὰ ,ὔ - τούτου πρίζων τὴν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις ξυλίνην ὕλην, i? Yd ἔδοξεν εὔχρηστον εὑρηκέναι μέγα πρὸς τὴν TEKTO- 4 ,ὔὕ νικὴν τέχνην. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὸν τόρνον εὑρὼν \ td καὶ ἕτερά Twa φιλοτεχνήματα, δόξαν ἀπηνέγκατο LA ¢ δὲ Δ 45) A A f “ f μεγάλην. ὁ δὲ Δαίδαλος φθονήσας τῷ παιδί, \ id " ι AY ~ / / ~ καὶ νομίζων αὐτὸν πολὺ τῇ δόξῃ προέξειν τοῦ ᾽7 ι ~ 3 ‘4 / διδασκάλου, τὸν παῖδα ἐδολοφόνησε. θάπτων 3 \ , / δ᾽ αὐτὸν Kat περικατάληπτος γενόμενος, ἐπηρω- / 4 7 A ἢ τήθη τίνα θάπτει, καὶ ἔφησεν ὄφιν καταχωννύειν. θ 4 5° δ \ {ὃ μ᾿ ὃ A 4 ~ 1 αυμάσαι δ᾽ av τις TO παράδοξον, ὅτι διὰ τὸ ζῷον 3 χὰ ΄- ἐξ οὗ τοῦ πρίονος ἐνεθυμήθη τὴν κατασκευήν, ~ > "ἡ διὰ τούτου Kal τοῦ φόνου τὴν ἐπίγνωσιν συνέβη / A ‘ γενέσθαι. κατηγορηθεὶς δὲ καὶ καταδικασθεὶς ~ > ~ λ - ὑπὸ τῶν ᾿Αρεοπαγιτῶν φόνου, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἴω > ἔφυγεν εἰς ἕνα τῶν κατὰ τὴν ᾿Αττικὴν δήμων, nal ~ 4 ἐν ᾧ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας am ἐκείνου Δαιδαλίδας ὀνομασθῆναι. 11. Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα διαδρὰς εἰς Κρήτην, καὶ 1 διὰ τὸ ζῷον, deleted by Hertlein; Eichstiidt suggested διὰ
tot ζῷου.
1 2,6. “descendants of Daedalus.”’ A deme by this name is known in Attica; it was probably composed chiefly of craftsmen who claimed descent from Daedalus.
58
BOOK IV. 76. 4-77. 1
because of his technical skill, yet he had to flee from his native land, since he had been condemned for murder for the following reason. Talos, a son of the sister of Daedalus, was receiving his education in the home of Daedalus, while he was still a lad in years. But being more gifted than his teacher he invented the potter’s wheel, and then, when once he had come by chance upon a jawbone of a snake and with it had sawn through a small piece of wood, he tried to imitate the jaggedness of the serpent’s teeth. Con- sequently he fashioned a saw out of iron, by means of which he would saw the lumber which he used in his work, and for this accomplishment he gained the reputation of having discovered a device which would be of great service to the art of building. He like- wise discovered also the tool for describing a circle and certain other cunningly contrived devices whereby he gained for himself great fame. But Daedalus, becoming jealous of the youth and feeling that his fame was going to rise far above that of his teacher, treacherously slew the youth. And being detected in the act of burying him, he was asked what he was burying, whereupon he replied, “I am inhuming a snake.” Here a man may well wonder at the strange happening, that the same animal that led to the thought of devising the saw should also have been the means through which the murder came to be discovered. And Daedalus, having been accused and adjudged guilty of murder by the court of the Areopagites, at first fled to one of the demes of Attica, the inhabitants of which, we are told, were named after him Daedalidae.}
717. Afterwards Daedalus made his escape out of Attica to Crete, where, being admired because of the
59
DIODORUS OF SICILY
διὰ τὴν ἐν τῇ τέχνῃ δόξαν θαυμαζόμενος, φίλος ἐγένετο Μίνωος τοῦ βασιλέως. κατὰ δὲ τὸν παραδεδομένον μῦθον Πασιφάης τῆς Μίνωος γυναι- κὸς ἐρασθείσης τοῦ ταύρου, μηχάνημα ποιήσας ὡμοιωμένον Bot συνήργησε τῇ ΠΠασιφάῃ πρὸς τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν. μυθολογοῦσι γὰρ πρὸ τούτων τῶν χρόνων Mivwa κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν συνήθως καθιεροῦν τὸν κάλλιστον τῶν γινομένων ταύρων τῷ [Ποσειδῶνι καὶ θύειν τοῦτον τῷ θεῷ: γενομένου δὲ τότε ταύρου κάλλει διαφέροντος ἕτερον τῶν ἡττόνων ταύρων θῦσαι: τὸν δὲ [Ποσειδῶνα μηνίσαντα “- , ~ 4 -“ 2 “- , τῷ Μίνῳ ποιῆσαι τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ ΙΠασιφάην ἐρασθῆναι τοῦ ταύρου. διὰ δὲ τῆς τούτου φιλοτε- χνίας τὴν ΠΠασιφάην μιγεῖσαν τῷ ταύρῳ γεννῆσαι τὸν μυθολογούμενον Μινώταυρον. τοῦτον δέ φασι διφυῆ γεγονέναι, καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀνώτερα μέρη͵ τοῦ σώματος ἄχρι τῶν ὦμων ἔχειν ταύρου, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ ἀνθρώπου. τῷ δὲ τέρατι τούτῳ πρὸς διατροφὴν λέγεται κατασκευάσαι Δαίδαλον λαβύ- ρινθον, τὰς διεξόδους σκολιὰς ἔχοντα καὶ τοῖς ἀπείροις δυσευρέτους, ἐν ᾧ τρεφόμενον τὸν Μινώ- ταυρον τοὺς ἐξ ᾿Αθηνῶν ἀποστελλομένους ἑπτὰ κόρους καὶ κόρας ἑπτὰ 1 κατεσθίειν, περὶ ὧν προει- ρήκαμεν.
Τὸν οὖν Δαίδαλον πυθόμενον τὴν ἀπειλὴν τοῦ Mivwos διὰ τὴν κατασκευὴν τῆς βοός φασι φοβη- θέντα τὴν ὀργὴν τοῦ βασιλέως ἐκ τῆς Kpyrns ἐκ- πλεῦσαι, συνεργούσης τῆς ασιφάης καὶ πλοῖον δούσης πρὸς τὸν ἔκπλουν. μετὰ δὲ τούτου τὸν
1 ἑπτὰ omitted CD, Vogel; but cf. 61. ο. 3: ἑπτὰ κόρους καὶ Tas ἴσας κόρας.
60
BOOK IV. 74. 1-6
fame of his art, he became a friend of Minos who was king there. Now according to the myth which has been handed down to us Pasiphaé, the wife of Minos, became enamoured of the bull, and Daedalus, by fashioning a contrivance in the shape of a cow, assisted Pasiphaé to gratify her passion. In explana- tion of this the myths offer the following account: Before this time it had been the custom of Minos annually to dedicate to Poseidon the fairest bull born in his herds and to sacrifice it to the god; but at the time in question there was born a bull of extra- ordinary beauty and he sacrificed another from among those which were inferior, whereupon Poseidon, becoming angry at Minos, caused his wife Pasiphaé to become enamoured of the bull. And by means of the ingenuity of Daedalus Pasiphaé had intercourse with the bull and gave birth to the Minotaur, famed inthe myth. This creature, they say, was of double form, the upper parts of the body as far as the shoulders being those of a bull and the remaining parts those of a man. As a place in which to keep this monstrous thing Daedalus, the story goes, built a labyrinth, the passage-ways of which were so winding that those unfamiliar with them had difficulty in making their way out; in this labyrinth the Minotaur was maintained and here it devoured the seven youths and seven maidens which were sent to it from Athens, as we have already related.t
But Daedalus, they say, on learning that Minos had made threats against him because he had fashioned the cow, became fearful of the anger of the king and departed from Crete, Pasiphaé helping him and providing a vessel for his escape. With him
1 Cp. chap. 61. 61
ie a}
DIODORUS OF SICILY
εκ ~ υἱὸν Ἴκαρον φυγόντα κατενεχθῆναι πρός τινα “- f δ νῆσον πελαγίαν, πρὸς ἣν τὸν ϊκαρον παραβόλως 5 a “~ ἀποβαίνοντα πεσεῖν εἰς θάλατταν καὶ τελευτῆσαι, 5 e oy ῖ - ἀφ᾽ οὗ καὶ τὸ πέλαγος ᾿Ικάριον ὀνομασθῆναι καὶ 4 ~ > f ~ % 4 f τὴν νῆσον ᾿Ικαρίαν κληθῆναι. τὸν δὲ Δαίδαλον o~ / κι ἐκ τῆς νήσου ταύτης ἐκπλεύσαντα κατενεχθῆναι ~ ’ \ δ τῆς Σικελίας πρὸς χώραν ἧς βασιλεύοντα ΚΚώκαλον 3 ~ A / Ἀ A \ > ah s ἀναλαβεῖν τὸν Δαίδαλον, καὶ διὰ τὴν εὐφυΐαν Kal δόξαν ποιήσασθαι φίλον ἐπὶ πλέον. \ ~ Τινὲς δὲ μυθολογοῦσι, κατὰ τὴν Κρήτην ἔτι / / \ e Α ~ 7 Δαιδάλου διατρίβοντος καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς [[ασιφάης 7 ,ὔ , ‘ / / κρυπτομένου, Mivwa μὲν τὸν βασιλέα βουλό- / ~ μενον τιμωρίας ἀξιῶσαι τὸν Δαίδαλον, καὶ μὴ δυνάμενον εὑρεῖν, τά τε πλοῖα πάντα τὰ κατὰ a) “» > ap) ~ τὴν νῆσον ἐρευνᾶν καὶ χρημάτων πλῆθος ἐπαγ- ay ὃ f ~ 4 / > / γέλλεσθαι δώσειν τῷ τὸν Δαίδαλον ἀνευρόντι. Ἵ ~ 4 i 3 7 ‘ 4 ~ ἐνταῦθα tov Δαίδαλον ἀπογνόντα τὸν dia τῶν “ πλοίων δρασμόν, κατασκευάσαι παραδόξως πτέ- ρυγας πεφιλοτεχνημένας καὶ διὰ κηροῦ θαυ- μαστῶς ἠσκημένας" ἐπιθέντα δὲ ταύτας τῷ τε τοῦ υἱοῦ σώματι καὶ τῷ ἑαυτοῦ παραδόξως ἐκ- ~ \ “ ~ πετασθῆναι Kat διαδρᾶναι" τὸ πλησίον τῆς Κρή- τῆς νήσου πέλαγος. καὶ τὸν μὲν ἤϊκαρον διὰ τὴν 7ὔ / X ~ a νεότητα μετέωρον τὴν TTHOW ποιούμενον πεσεῖν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος, τακέντος διὰ τὸν ἥλιον τοῦ συν- έχοντος τὰς πτέρυγας κηροῦ, αὐτὸν δὲ παρὰ τὴν θάλατταν πετόμενον καὶ παρ᾽ ἕκαστον τέγγοντα τὰς πτέρυγας διασωθῆναι παραδόξως εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν. ἀλλὰ περὶ “μὲν τούτων εἰ καὶ παρά- 7ὔ 3 δοξός ἐστιν ὁ μῦθος, ὅμως ἐκρίναμεν μὴ παραλι- πεῖν αὐτόν. 1 So Dindorf: διαδράσαι. 62
BOOK IV. 77. 6-9
fled also his son Icarus and they put in at a certain island which lay in the open sea. But when Icarus was disembarking onto the island in a reckless manner, he fell into the sea and perished, and in memory of him the sea was named the Icarian and the island was called Icaria. Daedalus, however, sailing away from this island, landed in Sicily near the territory over which Cocalus reigned as king, who courteously received Daedalus and because of his genius and his renown made him his close friend.
But certain writers of myths have the following account: Daedalus remained a while longer in Crete, being kept hidden by Pasiphaé, and king Minos, desiring to wreak vengeance upon him and yet being unable to find him, caused all the boats which were on the island to be searched and an- nounced that he would give a great sum of money to the man who should discover Daedalus. Thereupon Daedalus, despairing of making his escape by any boat, fashioned with amazing ingenuity wings which were cleverly designed and marvellously fitted to- gether with wax ; and fastening these on his son’s body and his own he spread them out for flight, to the astonishment of all, and made his escape over the open sea which lies near the island of Crete. As for Icarus, because of the ignorance of youth he made his flight too far aloft and fell into the sea when the wax which held the wings together was melted by the sun, whereas Dardalus, by flying close to the sea and repeatedly wetting the wings, made his way in safety, marvellous to relate, to Sicily. Now as for these matters, even though the myth is a tale of marvel, we none the less have thought it best not to leave it unmentioned.
63
ἘΦ
WS
Ὥ
DIODORUS OF SICILY
78. Δαίδαλος δὲ παρά te TH Κωκάλῳ καὶ τοῖς Σικανοῖς διέτριψε πλείω χρόνον, θαυμαζό- μενος ἐνὶ τῇ κατὰ τὴν τέχνην ὑπερβολῇ. κατε- σκεύασε δ᾽ ἐν τῇ νήσῳ ταύτῃ τινὰ τῶν ἔργων ἃ μέχρι τοῦ νῦν διαμένει. πλησίον μὲν γὰρ τῆς Μεγαρίδος φιλοτέχνως ἐποίησε τὴν ὀνομα- ζομένην κολυμβήθραν, ἐξ ἧς μέγας ποταμὸς εἰς τὴν πλησίον θάλατταν ἐξερεύγεται καλού- μενος ᾿Αλαβών. κατὰ δὲ τὴν νῦν ᾿Ακραγαντί- νην ἐν τῷ Καμικῷ καλουμένῳ πόλιν ἐπὶ πέτρας οὖσαν πασῶν ὀχυρωτάτην κατεσκεύασε καὶ παν- τελῶς ἐκ βίας ἀνάλωτον: στενὴν γὰρ καὶ σκολιὰν τὴν ἀνάβασιν αὐτῆς φιλοτεχνήσας ἐποίησε δύ- νασθαι διὰ τριῶν ἢ τεττάρων ἀνθρώπων φυλάτ- τεσθαι. διόπερ ὃ Ἱζώκαλος ἐν ταύτῃ ποιήσας τὰ βασίλεια καὶ τὰ χρήματα κατατιθέμενος ἀνά- λωτον ἔσχεν αὐτὴν διὰ τῆς ἐπινοίας τοῦ τεχνίτου. τρίτον δὲ σπήλαιον κατὰ τὴν Σελινουντίαν χώραν κατεσκεύασεν, ἐν ᾧ τὴν ἀτμίδα τοῦ κατ᾽ αὐτὴν πυρὸς οὕτως εὐστόχως ἐξέλαβεν 5 ὥστε διὰ τὴν μαλακότητα τῆς θερμασίας ἐξιδροῦν λεληθότως καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν τοὺς ἐνδιατρίβοντας Kal? μετὰ τέρψεως θεραπεύειν τὰ σώματα μηδὲν παρενοχ- λουμένους ὑπὸ τῆς θερμότητος. κατὰ δὲ τὸν [Ἔρυκα πέτρας οὔσης ἀποτομάδος εἰς ὕψος ἐξαί- σιον, καὶ τῆς κατὰ τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς ᾿Αφροδίτης στενο- χωρίας ἀναγκαζούσης. ἐπὶ τὸ τῆς πέτρας ἀπό- κρημνον ποιήσασθαι τὴν οἰκοδομίαν, κατεσκεύα-
1 ἐπὶ Vogel: ἐν. 2. For ἐξέλαβεν Capps suggests ἐξέβαλεν ‘extracted.’ 3 καὶ added by Vogel.
64
BOOK IV. 478. 1-4
78. Daedalus spent a considerable time with Cocalus and the Sicani, being greatly admired for his very great skill in his art. And on this island he constructed certain works which stand even to this day. For instance, near Megaris he ingeniously built a kolumbethra,! as men have named it, from which a great river, called the Alabon, empties into the sea which is not far distant from it. Also in the present territory of Acragas on the Camicus? river, as it is called, he built a city which lay upon a rock and was the strongest of any in Sicily and altogether im- pregnable to any attack by force; for the ascent to it he made narrow and winding, building it in so in- genious a manner that it could be defended by three or fourmen. Consequently Cocalus built in this city the royal residence, and storing his treasures there he had them in a city which the inventiveness of its designer had made impregnable. A third construc- tion of his, in the territory of Selinus, was a grotto where he so successfully expelled the steam caused by the fire which burned in it that those who fre- quented the grotto got into a perspiration imper- ceptibly because of the gentle action of the heat, and gradually, and actually with pleasure to themselves, they cured the infirmities of their bodies without experiencing any annoyance from the heat. Also at Eryx, where a rock rose sheer to an extraordinary height and the narrow space, where the temple of Aphrodité lay, made it necessary to build it on the precipitous tip of the rock, he constructed a wall
1 **Swimming-bath ”; probably a kind of reservoir, at least some contrivance to control the floods of the river.
2 In Strabo (6. 2. 6) “Camici” is called the “ royal residence ” of Cocalus; Camicus was the name of both a city and a river.
65
bo
es
DIODORUS OF SICILY
σεν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ κρημνοῦ τοῖχον, προβιβάσας 7 ~ ~ “-- παραδόξως τὸ ὑπερκείμενον τοῦ κρημνοῦ. χρυσοῦν ~ ~ 3 , A τε κριὸν τῇ ᾿Αφροδίτῃ τῇ ’Epuxivyn φασὶν αὐτὸν ~ ~ ᾽ὔ ‘ φιλοτεχνῆσαι περιττῶς εἰργασμένον καὶ τῷ κατ᾽ ἀλήθειαν κριῷ ἀπαρεγχειρήτως ὡμοιωμένον. ἄλλα τε πολλά φασιν αὐτὸν φιλοτεχνῆσαι κατὰ τὴν 7 ΑΔ & 4 20 ~ / ὃ 7 θ Σικελίαν, ἃ διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τοῦ χρόνου διέφθαρται. 79. Mivws δ᾽ 6 τῶν Κρητῶν βασιλεὺς θαλαττο- κρατῶν κατ᾽ ἐκείνους τοὺς χρόνους, καὶ πυθόμενος Ν 7 \ 3 λί ow , τὴν Δαιδάλου φυγὴν ets Σικελίαν, ἔγνω στρατεύειν ἐπ᾿ αὐτήν. παρασκευασάμενος δὲ δύναμιν vauTt- κὴν ἀξιόλογον ἐξέπλευσεν ἐκ τῆς Κρήτης, καὶ - - 4 κατῆρε τῆς ᾿Ακραγαντίνης eis τὴν ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνου 7 \ \ Μινῴαν καλουμένην. ἀποβιβάσας δὲ τὴν δύνα- ἔν ν αϑ , > aN \ Kee) ἢ μιν καὶ πέμψας ἀγγέλους πρὸς Κώκαλον τὸν 7 ef 7 A / 3 7 « βασιλέα ἐξήτει τὸν Δαίδαλον εἰς τιμωρίαν. ὁ δὲ Κώκαλος εἰς σύλλογον προκαλεσάμενος καὶ > A πάντα ποιήσειν ἐπαγγειλάμενος em τὰ Edna f 4 i f > 3 ~ ? παρέλαβε tov Μίνω. λουμένου δ᾽ αὐτοῦ, Κώ- 7 - καλος μὲν παρακατασχὼν πλείονα χρόνον ἐν τῷ “ j A ~ θερμῷ tov Μίνωα διέφθειρε, καὶ τὸ σῶμα ἀπέ- δωκε τοῖς Κρησί, πρόφασιν ἐνεγκὼν τοῦ θανά- ~ / του διότι κατὰ τὸν λουτρῶνα ὠλίσθηκε Kal πεσὼν 3 4 4 ia 3 ὔ 4 x “2» εἰς τὸ θερμὸν ὕδωρ ἐτελεύτησε. μετὰ δὲ ταῦθ οἱ μὲν συνεστρατευμένοι τὸ σῶμα τοῦ βασιλέως # ~ Ἀ ~ / 3 ἔθαψαν μεγαλοπρεπῶς, καὶ διπλοῦν τάφον οἰκοδο- μήσαντες κατὰ μὲν τὸν κεκρυμμένον τόπον ἔθεσαν τὰ ὀστᾶ, κατὰ δὲ τὸν ἀνεῳγμένον ἐποίησαν ᾿Αφρο- δίτης νεών. οὗτος δ᾽ ἐπὶ γενεὰς πλείους ἐτιμᾶτο,
1 Just such a tomb as this, the upper storey serving as ἃ
temple, and the lower structure forming a sepulchre, has been found at Cnossus in Crete (see Sir Arthur Evans, The Palace of
66
BOOK IV. 78. 4-79. 3
upon the very crag, by this means extending in an astonishing manner the overhanging ledge of the erag. Moreover, for the Aphrodité of Mt. Eryx, they say, he ingeniously constructed a golden ram, working it with exceeding care and making it the perfect image of an actual ram. Many other works as well, men say, he ingeniously constructed through- out Sicily, but they have perished because of the long time which has elapsed.
79. Minos, the king of the Cretans, who was at that time the master of the seas, when he learned that Daedalus had fled to Sicily, decided to make a cam- paign against that island. After preparing a notable naval force he sailed forth from Crete and landed at a place in the territory of Acragas which was called after him Minoa. Here he disembarked his troops and sending messengers to King Cocalus he de- manded Daedalus of him for punishment. But Cocalus invited Minos to a conference, and after promising to meet all his demands he brought him to his home as his guest. And when Minos was bathing Cocalus kept him too long in the hot water and thus slew him; the body he gave back to the Cretans, explaining his death on the ground that he had slipped in the bath and by falling into the hot water had met his end. Thereupon the comrades of Minos buried the body of the king with magnificent ceremonies, and constructing a tomb of two storeys, in the part of it which was hidden underground they placed the bones, and in that which lay open to gaze they made a shrine of Aphrodité.1 Here Minos received honours over many generations, the inhabit- Minos, 4. 959 ff.); the residence of the priest of the temple
lay not far from the tomb. The discovery is striking evidence for the trustworthiness of many details of the old sagas. 67
DIODORUS OF SICILY
θυόντων τῶν ἐγχωρίων ws ᾿Αφροδίτης ὄντος τοῦ 4 ved: κατὰ δὲ τοὺς νεωτέρους καιροὺς κτισθείσης μὲν τῆς τῶν ᾿Ακραγαντίνων πόλεως, γνωσθείσης δὲ τῆς τῶν ὀστῶν θέσεως, συνέβη τὸν μὲν τάφον καθαιρεθῆναι, τὰ δ᾽ ὀστᾶ τοῖς Ἰζρησὶν ἀποδοθῆναι, Θήρωνος δυναστεύοντος τῶν ᾿Ακραγαντίνων.
Οὐ μὴν ἀλλ᾽ οἱ κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν Ἰζρῆτες μετὰ τὴν Μίνωος τελευτὴν ἐστασίασαν διὰ τὴν ἀναρ- χίαν, τῶν δὲ νεῶν ὑπὸ τῶν περὶ τὸν Κώκαλον Σικανῶν ἐμπυρισθεισῶν τὴν μὲν εἰς τὰς πατρί- δας ἐπάνοδον ἀπέγνωσαν, κρίναντες δ᾽ ἐν τῇ Σικελίᾳ κατοικεῖν, οἱ μὲν ἐνταῦθα πόλιν ᾧκισαν ἣν ἀπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως αὐτῶν Μινῴαν ὠνόμασαν, οἱ δὲ διὰ τῆς μεσογείου πλανηθέντες καὶ καταλα- βόμενοι χωρίον ὀχυρὸν ἔκτισαν πόλιν ἣν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν τῇ πόλει ῥεούσης πηγῆς ὠνόμασαν "Eyyvov. ὕστερον δὲ μετὰ 1 τὴν τῆς Τροίας ἅλωσιν Μηριόνου τοῦ Kpnros προσενεχθέντος τῇ Σικελίᾳ, προσ- εδέξαντο τοὺς καταπλεύσαντας Κρῆτας διὰ τὴν συγγένειαν καὶ τῆς πολιτείας μετέδοσαν, ὁρμώ- μενοι δ᾽ ἐξ ὀχυρᾶς πόλεως καὶ καταπολεμήσαντές τινας τῶν περιοίκων ἱκανὴν κατεκτήσαντο χώραν. ἀεὶ δὲ μᾶλλον αὐξόμενοι, καὶ κατασκευάσαντες ἱερὸν τῶν Μητέρων, διαφόρως ἐτίμων τὰς θεάς, ἀναθήμασι πολλοῖς κοσμοῦντες τὸ ἱερὸν αὐτῶν. ταύτας δ᾽ ἀφιδρυθῆναί φασιν ἐκ τῆς Κρήτης διὰ
1 μετὰ Kichstadt: κατά.
1 Theron died in 472 3.c. after he had been tyrant of Acragas for sixteen years; cp. Book 11. 53.
2 Called Engyium by Plutarch, Marcellus, 20, where there is an interesting instance of the awe which the inhabitants felt for the ‘‘ Mothers ’’ mentioned below.
68
BOOK IV. 79. 3-7
ants of the region offering sacrifices there in the belief that the shrine was Aphrodité’s; but in more recent times, after the city of the Acragantini had been founded and it became known that the bones had been placed there, it came to pass that the tomb was dismantled and the bones were given back to the Cretans, this being done when Theron ! was lord over the people of Acragas.
However, the Cretans of Sicily, after the death of Minos, fell into factious strife, since they had no ruler, and, since their ships had been burned by the Sicani serving under Cocalus, they gave up any hope they had had of returning to their native land; and deciding to make their home in Sicily, a part of them established on that island a city to which they gave the name Minoa after their king, and others, after wander- ing about through the interior of the island, seized a place which was naturally strong and founded a city to which they gave the name Engyum®? after the spring which flowed forth within the city. And at a later time, after the capture of Troy, when Meriones the Cretan came to shore in Sicily, they wel- comed, because of their kinship to them, the Cretans who landed with him and shared with them their citizenship; and using as their base a well-fortified city and having subdued certain of the neighbouring peoples, they secured for themselves a fairly large territory. And growing steadily stronger all the while they built a temple to the Mothers? and accorded these goddesses unusual honours, adorning their temple with many votive offerings. The cult of these goddesses, so men say, they moved from their
3 The Sicilian counterpart of the Mother Rhea of the Cretans, 69
DIODORUS OF SICILY
4 4 A “~ K 4 ~ θ \ θ 4 7
τὸ καὶ παρὰ τοῖς Κρησὶ τιμᾶσθαι τὰς θεὰς ταύτας ᾿ διαφερόντως. “-- 9 Α Ἁ
80. Μυθολογοῦσι δ᾽ αὐτὰς τὸ παλαιὸν θρέψαι
\ ? , aA \ , > 25 @ τὸν Δία λάθρᾳ τοῦ πατρὸς Κρόνου, ἀνθ᾽ ὧν
Α A 3 - 4 αὐτὰς εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀναβιβασθῆναι καὶ κατα- στερισθείσας ἄρκτους προσαγορευθῆναι: περὶ ὧν καὶ τὸν “Apatov συμφωνοῦντα τούτοις τεθεικέναι ~ /
κατὰ THY τῶν ἄστρων ποίησιν,
ἔμπαλιν εἰς ᾿ὦμους τετραμμέναι' εἰ ἐτεόν γε Κρήτηθεν κεῖναί γε Διὸς μεγάλου ἐ ἰότητι οὐρανὸν εἰσανέβησαν, ὃ ὅ μιν τότε κουρίζοντα Δίκτῳ ἐ ἐν εὐώδει ὁ ὄρεος σχεδὸν ᾿Ιδαίοιο
ἄντρῳ ἐγκατέθεντο καὶ ἔτρεφον εἰς ἐνιαυτόν," Δικταῖοι Koupfres ὅτε Ἱζρόνον ἐψεύσαντο.
Οὐκ ἀἄξιον δὲ παραλιπεῖν τὴν περὶ τὰς θεὰς ἁγνείαν τε καὶ τὴν κατ᾽ ἀνθρώπους ἐπιφάνειαν. τιμῶσι δ᾽ αὐτὰς οὐ μόνον οἱ ταύτην τὴν πόλιν οἰκοῦντες, ἀλλὰ καί τινες τῶν ἄλλων περιοίκων θυσίαις τε μεγαλοπρεπέσι καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις τιμαῖς ἀποσεμνύνουσι τὰς θεάς. ἐνίαις δὲ πόλεσι καὶ πυθόχρηστοι χρησμοὶ προσέταξαν τιμᾶν τὰς θεάς: ἔσεσθαι γὰρ τοῖς τοιούτοις τούς τε τῶν ἰδιωτῶν βίους εὐδαίμονας καὶ τὰς πόλεις εὐθενήσειν. τέλος δὲ προβαινούσης ἐπὶ πολὺ τῆς κατὰ τὰς θεὰς ἐπιφανείας, ot μὲν ἐγχώριοι πολλοῖς ἀναθή- μασιν ἀργυροῖς καὶ χρυσοῖς διετέλεσαν τιμῶντες ἄχρι τῶνδε τῶν ἱστοριῶν γραφομένων. νεὼν
ἢ, 4-5 added by Wesseling.
1 Phaenomena, 30-35 (tr. by Mair in the L.C.L.). 2 ie. Engyum.
70
BOOK IV. 79. 7-80. 5
home in Crete, since the Cretans also hold these goddesses in special honour.
80. The account which the myths preserve of the Mothers runs like this: They nurtured Zeus of old without the knowledge of his father Cronus, in return for which Zeus translated them into the heavens and designated them as a constellation which he named the Bears. And Aratus! agrees with this account when he states in his poem on the stars :
Turned backwards then upon their shoulders are The Bears; if true it be that they from Crete Into the heavens mounted by the will
Of mighty Zeus, for that when he was babe
In fragrant Dicton near th’ Idaean mount
They set him in a cave and nurtured him
A year, the while Curetes Dictaean
Practised deceit on Cronus.
There is no reason why we should omit to mention the sanctity of these goddesses and the renown which they enjoy among mankind. They are honoured, indeed, not only by the inhabitants of this city,? but certain of the neighbouring peoples also glorify these goddesses with magnificent sacrifices and every other kind of honour. Some cities were indeed commanded by oracles from the Pythian god to honour the goddesses, being assured that in this way the lives of their private citizens would be blessed with good fortune and their cities would flourish. And in the end the renown of the goddesses advanced to such a degree that the inhabitants of this region have continued to honour them with many votive offerings in silver and gold down to the time of the writing of this history. For instance, a temple was
71
DIODORUS OF SICILY
μὲν yap αὐταῖς κατεσκεύασαν od μόνον TH μεγέ- θει διάφορον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῇ πολυτελείᾳ τῇ κατὰ τὴν οἰκοδομίαν θαυμαζόμενον" οὐκ ἔχοντες γὰρ κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν χώραν λίθον ἀξιόλογον παρὰ τῶν ἀστυγειτόνων ᾿Αγυριναίων ἤ ἤγαγον, τῶν μὲν πόλεων διεστηκυιῶν ὡς ἑκατὸν σταδίους, τῆς δ᾽ ὁδοῦ du ἧς ἀνάγκη κομίζεσθαι τοὺς λίθους ὑπαρχούσης τραχείας καὶ παντελῶς δυσπορεύτου:- δι᾿ ἣν αἰτίαν κατασκευάσαντες ἁμάξας τετρακύκλους ἑκατὸν ξεύγεσι βοῶν ἐκόμισαν τὸν λίθον. διὰ γὰρ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἱερῶν χρημάτων εὐπορούμενοι, τῇ δαψιλείᾳ τῆς εὐπορίας ὑπερεῖδον τῶν ἀναλω- μάτων: βραχὺ γὰρ πρὸ ἡμῶν εἶχον at θεαὶ βοῦς μὲν ἱερὰς τρισχιλίας, χώρας δὲ πλῆθος ὥστε λαμ- πο τη μεγάλας προσόδους.
Ἡμεῖς δὲ περὶ τούτων ἀρκούντων “διελη- ree περὶ ᾿Αρισταίου γράφειν ἐγχειρήσομεν. ᾿Αρισταῖος “γὰρ ἦν υἱὸς μὲν ᾿Απόλλωνος καὶ Κυρήνης τῆς “Ὑψέως θυγατρὸς τοῦ [Πηνειοῦ' περὶ δὲ τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ μυθολογοῦσί τινες οὕτως. ᾿Απόλλωνα, περὶ τὸ Πήλιον τρεφομένης κόρης ὄνομα Τ υρ δῇ: κάλλει διαφερούσης, ἐρασθῆ- ναι τῆς παρθένου, καὶ μετενεγκεῖν αὐτὴν τῆς Λιβύης εἰς ταύτην τὴν χώραν, ἐν ἡἧ κατὰ τοὺς ὕστερον χρόνους τινὰ κτίσαντα “πόλιν ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνης ὀνομάσαι Κυρήνην. τὸν δ᾽ οὖν ᾿Απόλλω κατὰ ταύτην τὴν χώραν ἐκ Κυρήνης γεννήσαντα υἱὸν ᾿Αρισταῖον τοῦτον μὲν νήπιον ὄντα παραδοῦναι ταῖς Νύμφαις τρέφειν: ταύτας δὲ τῷ παιδὶ τρεῖς
1 The native city of Diodorus.
72
BOOK IV. 80. 5-81. 2
built there for them which not only excels in size but also occasions wonder by reason of the expense incurred in its construction; for since the people had no suitable stone in their own territory they proueat it from their neighbours, the inhabitants of Agyrium,}
though the cities were nearly one hundred stades apart and the road by which they had to transport the blocks were rough and altogether hard to traverse. For this reason they constructed wagons with four wheels and transported the stone by the use of one hundred span of oxen. Indeed, because of the vast quantity of the sacred properties of the temple they were so plentifully supplied with means that, by reason of their abundant prosperity, they took no account of the expense; for only a short time before our day the goddesses possessed three thousand head of sacred cattle and vast holdings of land, so that they were the recipients of great revenues.
81. But now that we have discoursed upon these matters at sufficient length, we shall next undertake to write about Aristaeus. Aristaeus was the son of Apollo and Cyrené, the daughter of Hypseus the son of Peneius, and the manner of his birth is given by certain writers of myths as follows: Apollo became enamoured of a maiden by the name of Cyrené,? who was reared in the neighbourhood of Mt. Pelion and was of surpassing beauty, and he carried her off from there to that part of the land of Libya where in later times he founded a city and named it, after her, Cyrené. Now Apollo begat by Cyrené in that land a son Aristaeus and gave him while yet a babe into the hands of the Nymphs to nurture, and the latter
2 Cp. the account of Apollo and Cyrené in Pindar, Pythian Odes, 9. 5
73
DIODORUS OF SICILY
ὀνομασίας προσάψαι" καλεῖν yap αὐτὸν Νόμιον, ᾿Αρισταῖον, ᾿Αγρέαβ. τοῦτον δὲ παρὰ τῶν Νυμ- φῶν μαθόντα τήν τε τοῦ γάλακτος πῆξιν καὶ τὴν κατασκευὴν τῶν σμήνων, ἔτι δὲ τῶν ἐλαιῶν τὴν κατεργασίαν, διδάξαι πρῶτον τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. διὰ δὲ τὴν εὐχρηστίαν τὴν ἐκ τούτων τῶν εὑρη- μάτων τοὺς εὐεργετηθέντας ἀνθρώπους τιμῆσαι τὸν ᾿Αρισταῖον ἰσοθέοις τιμαῖς, καθὰ καὶ τὸν Διόνυσον.
Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτά φασιν αὐτὸν εἰς Βοιωτίαν καταν- τήσαντα γῆμαι τῶν Κάδμου θυγατέρων Αὐτονόην, ἐξ ἧς φασιν ᾿Ακτέωνα γενέσθαι τὸν κατὰ τοὺς μύθους ὑπὸ τῶν ἰδίων κυνῶν διασπασθέντα. τὴν δ᾽ αἰτίαν ἀποδιδόασι τῆς ἀτυχίας ot μὲν ὅτι κατὰ τὸ τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος ἱερὸν διὰ τῶν ἀνατι- θεμένων ἀκροθινίων ἐκ τῶν κυνηγίων προῃρεῖτο τὸν γάμον κατεργάσασθαι τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος, οἱ δ᾽ ὅτι τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος αὑτὸν πρωτεύειν ταῖς κυνη- γίαις ἀπεφήνατο. οὐκ ἀπίθανον δὲ ἐπ᾽ ἀμῴφοτέ- pots τούτοις μηνῖσαι τὴν θεόν: εἴτε γὰρ τοῖς ἁλισκομένοις πρὸς τὴν ἀκοινώνητον τοῖς γάμοις κατεχρῆτο πρὸς τὸ συντελέσαι τὴν ἰδίαν ἐπιθυμίαν, εἴτε καὶ ταύτης ἐτόλμησεν εἰπεῖν αἱρετώτερον αὑτὸν εἶναι κυνηγὸν ἡ καὶ θεοὶ παρακεχωρή- κασι τῆς ἐν τούτοις ἁμίλλης, ὁμολογουμένην καὶ δικαίαν ὀργὴν ἔσχε πρὸς αὐτὸν ἡ θεός. καθόλου δὲ πιθανῶς εἰς τὴν τῶν ἁλισκομένων θηρίων μετα- μορφωθεὶς ἰδέαν ὑπὸ τῶν καὶ τἄλλα θηρία χειρου- μένων κυνῶν διεφθάρη.
1 j.e. to make cheese,
74
BOOK IV. 81. 2-5
bestowed upon him three different names, calling him, that is, Nomius, Aristaeus, and Agreus. He learned from the Nymphs how to curdle milk,! to make bee-hives, and to cultivate olive-trees, and was the first to instruct men in these matters. And because of the advantage which came to them from these discoveries the men who had received his benefactions rendered to Aristaeus honours equal to those offered to the gods, even as they had done in the case of Dionysus.
After this, they say, Aristaeus went td Boeotia, where he married one of the daughters of Cadmus, Autonoé, to whom was born Acteon, who, as the myths relate, was torn to pieces by his own dogs. The reason for this bad turn of fortune of his, as some explain it, was that, presuming upon his dedication to Artemis of the first-fruits of his hunting, he purposed to consummate the marriage with Artemis at the temple of the god- dess, but according to others, it was because he re- presented himself as superior to Artemis in skill as a hunter. But it is not incredible that it was for both these reasons that the goddess became angry; for whether Acteon made an improper use of the spoils of his hunting to satisfy his own desire upon her who has no part in marriage, or whether he was so bold as to assert that as a hunter he was to be preferred above her before whom even gods withdraw from rivalry in the chase, all would agree that the goddess was justified in having become indignant at him. And, speaking generally, we may well believe that, when he had been changed into the form of one of the animals which he was wont to hunt, he was slain by the dogs which were accustomed to prey upon the other wild beasts.
75
DIODORUS OF SICILY
82. Tov δ᾽ ᾿Αρισταῖόν φασι pera τὴν ᾿Ακτέωνος τελευτὴν ἐλθεῖν εἰς τὸ χρηστήριον τοῦ πατρός, καὶ τὸν ᾿Απόλλω προειπεῖν αὐτῷ τὴν εἰς Κέων νῆσον μετάβασιν ἐσομένην αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰς ἐσομέ-
2 νας παρὰ τοῖς Κείοις τιμάς. τὸν δὲ πλεῦσαι μὲν εἰς τὴν νῆσον ταύτην, λοιμοῦ δὲ τὴν ᾿ξλλάδα κατα- σχόντος ποιήσασθαι τὴν θυσίαν ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων τῶν Ἑλλήνων. γενομένης δὲ τῆς θυσίας κατὰ τὴν τοῦ σειρίου ἄστρου ἐπιτολήν, καθ᾽ ἣν συνέ- βαινε πνεῖν τοὺς ἐτησίας, λῆξαι τὰς λοιμικὰς
8 νόσους. τοῦτο δ᾽ ἂν τις συλλογιζόμενος εἰκότως θαυμάσαι τὸ τῆς περιπετείας ἴδιον: ὁ γὰρ ὑπὸ τῶν κυνῶν ἰδὼν τὸν υἱὸν τετελευτηκότα, οὗτος τῶν κατὰ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἄστρων τὸ τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχον προσηγορίαν καὶ φθείρειν νομιζόμενον τοὺς ἀνθρώ- πους ἔπαυσε, καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις αἴτιος ἐγένετο τῆς σωτηρίας.
4 Λέγουσι δὲ τὸν ᾿Αρισταῖον ἐκγόνους ἐν τῇ Κέῳ καταλιπόντα, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα εἰς τὴν Λιβύην > * , εν a ι , ᾿ ἐπανελθόντα! ὑπὸ τῆς μητρὸς Νύμφης τὴν ἀναγωγὴν ποιησάμενον εἰς τὴν Σαρδὼ νῆσον καταπλεῦσαι. ἐν δὲ ταύτῃ κατοικήσαντα, καὶ τὴν νῆσον διὰ τὸ κάλλος στέρξαντα, φυτεῦσαί τε αὐτὴν καὶ τὸ πρότερον ἐξηγριωμένην ἡμερῶσαι. γεννῆσαι δ᾽ ἐν αὐτῇ δύο παῖδας, Χάρμον καὶ αλλί-
5 καρπον. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἄλλας τε νήσους ἐπελ-
~
- 4 ,ὔ i 4 θεῖν καὶ κατὰ THY Σικελίαν διατρῖψαί τινα χρόνον, 1 Por ἐπανελθόντα Wurm suggests ἐπικληθέντα. 2 ὑπὸ MSS., Bekker, ἀπὸ Wesseling, Dindorf, Vogel. 1 ὦ,6. another name for Sirius was the “‘ Dog-star.”’ 2 2,6. he could not save his own son, but he saved everyone else.
76
BOOK IV. 82. 1-5
82. As for Aristaeus, after the death of Acteon, we are told, he went to the oracle of his father, Apollo, who prophesied to him that he was to change his home to the island of Ceos and told him likewise of the honours which would be his among the Ceans. To this island he sailed, but since a plague prevailed throughout Greece the sacrifice he offered there was on behalf of all the Greeks. And since the sacrifice was made at the time of the rising of the star Sirius, which is the period when the etesian winds customarily blow, the pestilential diseases, we are told, came to an end. Now the man who ponders upon this event may reasonably marvel at the strange turn which fortune took; for the same man who saw his son done to death by the dogs likewise put an end to the influence of that star which, of all the stars of heaven, bears the same name! and is thought to bring destruction upon mankind, and by so doing was responsible for saving the lives of the rest.?
We are further informed that Aristaeus left descendants behind on the island of Ceos and then returned to Libya, from where he set forth with the aid of his mother, a Nymph,’ and put ashore on the island of Sardinia. Here he made his home, and since he loved the island because of its beauty, he set out plantings in it and brought it under cultivation, whereas formerly it had lain waste. Here he begat two sons, Charmus and Callicarpus. And after this he visited other islands and spent some time in Sicily,
3 The text is corrupt; in the preceding chapter it is stated that Aristaeus was reared by ‘‘ the Nymphs ”’ and there is no suggestion that his mother Cyrené was a nymph. Diodorus may have written: “‘ led (or persuaded) by Nymphé (or by a
nymph), who was a friend of his mother, Aristaeus set forth, etc.”
77
DIODORUS OF SICILY
διὰ δὲ THY ἀφθονίαν τῶν ἐν TH νήσῳ καρπῶν καὶ
τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ βοσκομένων κτηνῶν φιλοτι- μηθῆναι τοῖς ἐγχωρίοις ἐνδείξασθαι τὰς ἰδίας εὐεργεσίας. διὸ καὶ παρὰ τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν οἰκοῦσι διαφερόντως φασὶ τιμηθῆναι τὸν ᾿Αρισταῖον ὡς θεόν, καὶ μάλισθ᾽ ὑπὸ τῶν συγκομιζόντων τὸν τῆς ἐλαίας καρπόν. τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον μυθο- λογοῦσιν αὐτὸν εἰς Θράκην παραβαλόντα πρὸς Διόνυσον μετασχεῖν τῶν ὀργίων, καὶ συνδια- τρίψαντα τῷ θεῷ πολλὰ μαθεῖν παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τῶν χρησίμων" περὶ δὲ τὸ ὄρος τὸ καλούμενον Αἷμον οἰκήσαντά τινα χρόνον ἄφαντον γενέσθαι, καὶ τυχεῖν ἀθανάτων τιμῶν οὐ μόνον ἐνταῦθα παρὰ τοῖς βαρβάροις, ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησι.
83. Καὶ περὶ μὲν 1 ᾿Αρισταίου τοῖς ῥηθεῖσιν ἀρκεσθησόμεθα, περὶ δὲ Δάφνιδος καὶ Ἔρυκος πειρασόμεθα διελθεῖν. “Epuxa φασιν υἱὸν μὲν γενέσθαι ᾿Αφροδίτης καὶ Βούτα, βασιλέως τινὸς ἐγχωρίου δόξῃ διαφέροντος" τοῦτον δὲ διὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς μητρὸς εὐγένειαν θαυμασθῆναι τε ὑπὸ τῶν ἐγχωρίων καὶ βασιλεῦσαι μέρους τῆς νήσου. κτίσαι δὲ καὶ πόλιν ἀξιόλογον ὁμώνυμον αὑτῷ, κειμένην ἐπί τινος ὑψηλοῦ τόπου: κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἄκραν τὴν ἐν τῇ πόλει τῆς μητρὸς ἱερὸν ἱδρύ- σασθαι, καὶ κοσμῆσαι τῇ τε κατασκευῇ τοῦ νεὼ καὶ τῷ πλήθει τῶν ἀναθημάτων. τὴν δὲ θεὸν διά τε τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐγχωρίων εὐσέβειαν καὶ διὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ τεκνωθέντος υἱοῦ τιμὴν ἀγαπῆσαι περιττότερον τὴν πόλιν: διόπερ αὐτὴν
1 So Dindorf: καὶ ταῦτα μὲν περί.
1 ¢.e. on Mount Eryx.
78
BOOK IV. 82. 5-83. 2
where, because of the abundance of the fruits on the island and the multitude of flocks and herds which grazed there, he was eager to display to its inhabitants the benefactions which were his to bestow. Con- sequently among the inhabitants of Sicily, as men say, Aristaeus received especial honour as a god, in particular by those who harvested the fruit of the olive- tree. And finally, as the myths relate, he visited Dionysus in Thrace and was initiated into his secret rites, and during his stay in the company of the god he learned from him much useful knowledge. And after dwelling some time in the neighbourhood of Mount Haemus he never was seen again of men, and became the recipient of immortal honours not only among the barbarians of that region but among the Greeks as well.
83. But as regards Aristaeus we shall rest content with what has been said, and we shall next endeavour to set forth what relates to Daphnis and Eryx. This is what is told of them: Eryx was a son of Aphrodité and Butas, a certain native king of Sicily of very great fame, and he was admired by the natives because of his noble birth on his mother’s side and became king over a part of the island. He also founded a notable city which bore his name; it was set upon a lofty place, and on the highest point 1 within the city he established a shrine of his mother, which he embellished not only with a beautifully built temple, but also with the multitude of his dedications. The goddess, both because of the reverence which the inhabitants of the region paid to her and because of the honour which she received from the son whom she had borne, displayed an exceptional love for the city, and for this reason she
79
DIODORUS OF SICILY
᾿Αφροδίτην ’Epuxivny ὀνομασθῆναι. θαυμάσαι δ᾽ ἄν τις εἰκότως ἀναλογισάμενος τὴν περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν 8 τοῦτο γενομένην δόξαν: τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλα τεμένη ἀνθήσαντα ταῖς δόξαις πολλάκις διὰ περιστάσεις τινὰς τεταπείνωται, μόνον δὲ τοῦτο τῶν ἐξ αἰῶνος ἀρχὴν λαβὸν οὐδέποτε διέλιπε τιμώ- μενον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὐναντίον ἀεὶ διετέλεσε πολλῆς τυγχάνον αὐξήσεως. μετὰ γὰρ τὰς προειρημένας ὑπ᾽ “Epuxos τιμὰς ὕστερον Αἰνείας ὁ ᾿Αφροδίτης πλέων εἰς ᾿Ιταλίαν καὶ προσορμισθεὶς τῇ νήσῳ πολλοῖς ἀναθήμασι τὸ ἱερόν, ὡς ἂν ἰδίας μητρὸς ὑπάρχον, ἐκόσμησε: μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον ἐπὶ πολλὰς γενεὰς τιμῶντες οἱ Σικανοὶ τὴν θεὸν θυσίαις τε μεγαλοπρεπέσι συνεχῶς καὶ ἀναθήμασιν ἐκόσμουν" μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Καρχηδόνιοι, μέρους τῆς Σικελίας κυριεύσαντες, οὐ διέλιπον τιμῶντες τὴν θεὸν διαφερόντως. τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον Ρωμαῖοι, πάσης Σικελίας κρατήσαντες, ὑπερεβάλοντο πάντας τοὺς πρὸ αὐτῶν ταῖς εἰς ταύτην τιμαῖς. καὶ τοῦτο εἰκότως ἐποίουν" τὸ γὰρ γένος εἰς ταύτην ἀναπέμπ- οντες, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐν ταῖς πράξεσιν ἐπιτυχεῖς ὄντες, τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς αὐξήσεως ἠμείβοντο ταῖς ᾿ προσηκούσαις χάρισι καὶ τιμαῖς. οἱ μὲν γὰρ καταντῶντες εἰς τὴν νῆσον ὕπατοι καὶ στρατηγοὶ καὶ πάντες οἱ μετά τινος ἐξουσίας ἐπιδημοῦντες, ἐπειδὰν εἰς τὸν "Ἔρυκα παραβάλωσι, μεγαλο-
1 τῶν Wettstein : τήν.
80
BOOK IV. 83. 2-6
came to be called Erycinian Aphrodité. And a man may well be filled with wonder when he stops to sum up the fame which has gathered about this shrine; all other sanctuaries have indeed enjoyed a flush of fame, but frequently sundry happenings have brought them low, whereas this is the only temple which, founded as it was at the beginning of time, not only has never failed to be the object of venera- tion but, on the contrary, has as time went on ever continued to enjoy great growth. For after Eryx has bestowed upon it the honours we have described, Aeneas, the son of Aphrodité, when at a later time he was on his way to Italy and came to anchor off the island, embellished the sanctuary, since it was that of his own mother, with many votive offerings; after him the Sicanians paid honour to the goddess for many generations and kept con- tinually embellishing it with both magnificent sacrifices and votive offerings; and after that time the Carthaginians, when they had become the masters of a part of Sicily, never failed to hold the goddess in special honour. And last of all the Romans, when they had subdued all Sicily, surpassed all people who had preceded them in the honours they paid to her. And it was with good reason that they did so, for since they traced back their ancestry to her and for this reason were successful in their undertakings, they were but requiting her who was the cause of their aggrandisement with such ex- pressions of gratitude and honours as they owed to her. The consuls and praetors, for instance, who visit the island and all Romans who sojourn there clothed with any authority, whenever they come to Eryx, embellish the sanctuary with magnificent
δὲ
DIODORUS OF SICILY
πρεπέσι θυσίαις Kal τιμαῖς κοσμοῦσι τὸ τέμενος, καὶ τὸ σχυθρωπὸν τῆς ἐξουσίας ἀποθέμενοι μετα- βάλλουσιν εἰς παιδιὰς καὶ γυναικῶν ὁμιλίας μετὰ πολλῆς ἱλαρότητος, μόνως οὕτω νομίζοντες κεχαρισ- μένην τῇ θεῷ ποιήσειν τὴν ἑαυτῶν παρουσίαν'
ἣ τε σύγκλητος τῶν Ῥωμαίων εἰς τὰς τῆς θεοῦ"
τιμὰς φιλοτιμηθεῖσα τὰς μὲν πιστοτάτας τῶν κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν πόλεων οὔσας ἑπτακαίδεκα χρυσο- ~ =a 3 “ 4 f φορεῖν ἐδογμάτισε τῇ ᾿Αφροδίτῃ καὶ στρατιώτας διακοσίους τηρεῖν τὸ ἱερόν. Καὶ περὶ μὲν "Ἔρυκος εἰ καὶ πεπλεονάκαμεν, > 4 ~ ~ ἀλλ᾽ οὖν οἰκείαν πεποιήμεθα τὴν περὶ τῆς θεᾶς ἀπαγγελίαν.
84. Νυνὶ δὲ περὶ Δάφνιδος πειρασόμεθα διελ- θεῖν τὰ μυθολογούμενα. (Ἡραῖα γὰρ ὄρη κατὰ \ Ad ? , σ LAA 4 ᾽ 4 τὴν Σικελίαν ἐστίν, a φασι κάλλει τε καὶ φύσει Kal τόπων ἰδιότησι πρὸς θερινὴν ἄνεσιν καὶ ἀπόλαυσιν > ” - εὖ πεφυκέναι. πολλάς τε γὰρ πηγὰς ἔχειν τῇ , ~ ¢ 7 ὃ / 4 ὃ 7 ὃ γλυκύτητι τῶν ὑδάτων διαφόρους καὶ δένδρεσι παντοίοις πεπληρῶσθαι. εἶναι δὲ καὶ δρυῶν μεγάλων πλῆθος, φερουσῶν καρπὸν τῷ μεγέθει διαλλάττοντα, διπλασιάζοντα τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἄλλαις χώραις φυομένων. ἔχειν δὲ καὶ τῶν ἡμέρων καρπῶν αὐτομάτων, ἀμπέλου τε πολλῆς φυομένης 4 ΦῚ 3 θ 4 λ 4A ὃ 4 ‘ 7 καὶ μήλων ἀμυθήτου πλήθους. διὸ καὶ στρατό- πεδόν ποτε Καρχηδονίων ὑπὸ λιμοῦ πιεζόμενον διαθρέψαι, παρεχομένων τῶν ὁρῶν πολλαῖς μυριάσι
χορηγίας εἰς τροφὴν ἀνέκλειπτον. "E a ὃ 4 ~ fd é ὃ 7 ὃ ν ταύτῃ ὃὲ τῇ χώρᾳ συναγκείας δένδρων
82
BOOK IV. 83. 6-84. 2
sacrifices and honours, and laying aside the austerity of their authority, they enter into sports and have conversation with women in a spirit of great gaiety, believing that only in this way will they make their presence there pleasing to the goddess. Indeed the Roman senate has so zealously concerned itself with the honours of the goddess that it has decreed that the seventeen cities of Sicily which are most faithful to Rome shall pay a tax in gold to Aphrodité, and that two hundred soldiers shall serve as a guard of her shrine.
Now if we have dwelt over-long on the topic of Eryx, we have at least given an account of the goddess such as was rightly her due.
84. At this time we shall endeavour to set forth what the myths relate concerning Daphnis. There are in Sicily, namely, the Heraean Mountains, which, men say, are naturally well suited, by reason of the beauty and nature and special character of the region round about, to relaxation and enjoyment in the summer season. For they possess many springs of exceptionally sweet water and are full of trees of every description. On them also is a multitude of great oak-trees which bear fruit of extraordinary size, since it is twice as large as any that grows in other lands. And they possess as well some of the cultivated fruits, which have sprung up of their own accord, since the vine is found there in profusion and tree-fruits in quantities beyond telling. Conse- quently the area once supported a Carthaginian army when it was facing starvation, the mountains supplying many tens of thousands of soldiers with sources of food for their unfailing sustenance.
It was in this region, where there were glens filled
83
DIODORUS OF SICILY
οὔσης θεοπρεποῦς καὶ Νύμφαις ἄλσους ἀνειμένου μυθολογοῦσι γεννηθῆναι τὸν ὀνομαζόμενον Δάφνιν, Ἕρμοῦ μὲν καὶ Νύμφης υἱόν, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ πλήθους καὶ τῆς πυκνότητος τῆς φυομένης δάφνης ὠνομά- σθαι Δάφνιν. τοῦτον δ᾽ ὑπὸ Νυμφῶν τραφέντα, καὶ βοῶν ἀγέλας παμπληθεῖς κεκτημένον, τούτων ποιεῖσθαι πολλὴν ἐπιμέλειαν. ἀφ᾽ ἧς αἰτίας Βουκόλον αὐτὸν ὀνομασθῆναι. φύσει δὲ διαφόρῳ πρὸς εὐμέλειαν κεχορηγημένον. ἐξευρεῖν τὸ βου- κολικὸν ποίημα καὶ μέλος, ὃ μέχρι τοῦ νῦν κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν τυγχάνει διαμένον ἐν ἀποδοχῇ : μυθολογοῦσι δὲ τὸν Δάφνιν μετα τῆς Αρτέμιδος κυνηγεῖν ὑπηρετοῦντα τῇ θεῷ κεχαρισμένως, καὶ διὰ τῆς σύριγγος καὶ βουκολικῆς μελῳδίας τέρπειν αὐτὴν διαφερόντως. λέγουσι δ᾽ αὐτοῦ μίαν τῶν Νυμφῶν ἐρασθεῖσαν προειπεῖν, ἐὰν ἄλλῃ τινὶ πλησιάσῃ, στερήσεσθαι τῆς ὁράσεως" κἀκεῖνον ὑπό τινος θυγατρὸς βασιλέως κατα- μεθυσθέντα καὶ πλησιάσαντα αὐτῇ, στερηθῆναι τῆς ὁράσεως κατὰ τὴν γεγενημένην ὑπὸ τῆς Νύμφης πρόρρησιν. καὶ περὶ μὲν Δάφνιδος ἱκανῶς ;
ἐ
ἡμῖν εἰρήσθω. ᾿ 85. Περὶ δὲ ᾿Ωρίωνος τὰ μυθολογούμενα νῦν
διέξιμεν. λέγεται γὰρ τοῦτον σώματος μεγέθει καὶ ῥώμῃ πολὺ τῶν μνημονευομένων ἡρώων ὑπεράγοντα φιλοκύνηγον γενέσθαι καὶ κατασκευάσαι μεγάλα ἔργα διὰ τὴν ἰσχὺν καὶ φιλοδοξίαν. κατὰ μὲν γὰρ τὴν Σικελίαν κατασκευάσαι ζΖάγκλῳ τῷ τότε βασιλεύοντι τῆς τότε μὲν ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ Ζάγκλης, because the place was sickle-shaped; “for the Sicels call a sickle zanclon.”’
84
BOOK IV. 84. 2-85. 1
with trees and meet for a god and a grove consecrated to the Nymphs, that, as the myths relate, he who was known as Daphnis was born, a son of Hermes and a Nymph, and he, because of the sweet bay (daphné) which grew there in such profusion and so thick, was given the name Daphnis. He was reared by Nymphs, and since he possessed very many herds of cattle and gave great attention to their care, he was for this reason called by the name Bucolus or “‘ Neatherd.”’ And being endowed with an unusual gift of song, he invented the bucolic or pastoral poem and the bucolic song which continues to be so popular throughout Sicily to the present day. The myths add that Daphnis accompanied Artemis in her hunting, serving the goddess in an acceptable manner, and that with his shepherd’s pipe and singing of pastoral songs he pleased her exceedingly. The story is also told that one of the Nymphs became enamoured of him and prophesied to him that if he lay with any other woman he would be deprived of his sight; and indeed, when once he had been made drunken by a daughter of a king and had lain with her, he was deprived of his sight in accordance with the prophecy delivered by the Nymph. As for Daphnis, then, let what we have said suffice.
85. We shall now recount what the myths relate about Orion. The story runs like this: Orion, far surpassing in size and strength of body all the heroes of whom we have record, was a lover of the chase and the builder of mighty works by reason of his great strength and love of glory. In Sicily, for instance, for Zanclus, who was king at that time of the city which was called at that time after him Zanclé,!
35
DIODORUS OF SICILY
νῦν δὲ Μεσσήνης ὀνομαζομένης, ἄλλα τε καὶ τὸν λιμένα προσχώσαντα τὴν ὀνομαζομένην ᾿Ακτὴν ποιῆσαι. ἐπεὶ δὲ τῆς Μεσσήνης ἐμνήσθημεν, οὐκ ἀνοίκειον προσθεῖναι νομίζομεν τοῖς προκει- μένοις τὰς περὶ τὸν πορθμὸν διηγήσεις. φασὶ γὰρ οἱ παλαιοὶ μυθογράφοι τὴν Σικελίαν τὸ πρὸ τοῦ χερρόνησον οὖσαν ὕστερον γενέσθαι νῆσον διὰ τοιαύτας αἰτίας. τὸν ἰσθμὸν κατὰ τὸ στενώ- τατον ὑπὸ δυοῖν πλευρῶν θαλάττῃ } προσκλυζό- μενον ἀναρραγῆναι, καὶ τὸν τόπον ἀπὸ τούτου Ῥήγιον ὀνομασθῆναι, καὶ τὴν ὕστερον πολλοῖς ἔτεσι κτισθεῖσαν πόλιν τυχεῖν τῆς ὁμωνύμου προσηγορίας. ἔνιοι δὲ λέγουσι σεισμῶν μεγάλων γενομένων διαρραγῆναι τὸν αὐχένα τῆς ἡπείρου, καὶ γενέσθαι τὸν πορθμὸν διειργούσης τῆς θαλάτ- τῆς τὴν ἤπειρον ἀπὸ τῆς νήσου. Ἡσίοδος δ᾽ ὁ ποιητής φησι τοὐναντίον ἀναπεπταμένου τοῦ πελάγους ᾿Ωρίωνα προσχῶσαι τὸ κατὰ τὴν Πελω- ρίδα κείμενον ἀκρωτήριον, καὶ τὸ τέμενος τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος κατασκευάσαι, τιμώμενον ὑπὸ τῶν ἐγχωρίων διαφερόντως: ταῦτα δὲ διαπραξάμενον εἰς Εὔβοιαν μεταναστῆναι κἀκεῖ κατοικῆσαι" διὰ δὲ τὴν δόξαν ἐν τοῖς Kar’ οὐρανὸν ἄστροις κατ- αριθμηθέντα τυχεῖν ἀθανάτου μνήμης. περὶ οὗ καὶ ὁ ποιητὴς “Ὅμηρος ἐν τῇ Νεκυίᾳ μιμνησκὸ- μενός φησι, 1 So Vogel (cf. 1. 31. 2): θαλάττης.
1 ** Promontory.”
2 The present Straits of Messina.
5 Rhegium.
4 Frg. 183 (Astronomia 18), Rzach.
5 The northeast tip of Sicily. 6 Odyssey, 11. 572-5.
86
BOOK IV. 85. 1-6
but now Messené, he built certajn works, and among them he formed the harbour by throwing up a mole and made the Acté,! as it is called. And since we have mentioned Messené we think it will not be foreign to our purpose to add to what has been set forth thus far what men have written about the Strait.2 The ancient mythographers, that is, say that Sicily was originally a peninsula, and that after- ward it became an island, the cause being somewhat as follows. The isthmus at its narrowest point was subjected to the dash of the waves of the sea on its two sides and so a gap (rhegma) was made (anar- rhegnusthat), and for this reason the spot was named Ethegion, and the city ὃ which was founded many years later received the same appellation as the place. Some men say, however, that mighty earthquakes took place and the neck of what was the mainland was broken through, and in this way the Strait was formed, since the sea now separated the mainland from the island. But the poet Hesiod 4 states the very opposite, namely, that when the sea extended itself in between, Orion built out the headland which lies at Peloris 5 and also erected there the sanctuary of Poseidon which is held in special honour by the natives; after he had finished these works lhe removed to Euboea and made his home there; and then, because of his fame, he was numbered among the stars of heaven and thus won for himself immortal remembrance. And he is also mentioned by the poet Homer ® in his “ Necuia”’? when he says:
7 This is the title which the ancients gave to the eleventh Book of the Odyssey, which contains the story of the descent of Odysseus into the underworld and of his meetings with the dead.
87
DIODORUS OF SICILY
͵ 2 , τὸν δὲ μέτ᾽ “Opiwva πελώριον εἰσενόησα - ς -. 2 “"» 3. 2 ὃ λὸ λ “A θῆρας ὁμοῦ εἰλεῦντα Kat ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα, 3 > , x οὗς αὐτὸς κατέπεφνεν ἐν οἰοπόλοισιν ὄρεσσι, , γ1 2 , χερσὶν ἔχων ῥόπαλον παγχάλκεον, αἰὲν ἀαγές. ~ , 3 ’ Α 7 ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ περὶ τοῦ μεγέθους ἐμφανίζων, καὶ 4 X . ‘ "AA ὦ ε, % προεκθέμενος τὰ περὶ TOUS wadas, ὅτι ἐννα- - 5" > ~ 3 7 4 Ἁ on ετεῖς ἦσαν TO μὲν εὖρος πηχῶν ἐννέα, TO δὲ μῆκος ~ ᾿ > rad $ , τῶν ἴσων ὀργυιῶν, ἐπιφέρει, A \ , θ , ὃ + τοὺς δὴ μηκίστους θρέψε ζείδωρος ἄρουρα ’ τ > ’ καὶ πολὺ καλλίστους μετά γε κλυτὸν ᾿Ωρίωνα. ~ , \ ~ “Hpeis δὲ κατὰ τὴν ἐν ἀρχῇ πρόθεσιν περὶ τῶν 3 4 > ~ ἡρώων καὶ ἡμιθέων ἀρκούντως εἰρηκότες αὐτοῦ , \ , περιγράψομεν } τήνδε τὴν βίβλον.
1 So Wesseling : παραγράψομεν.
88
BOOK IV. 85. 6-7
And after him I marked Orion huge, Driving wild beasts together o’er the mead Of asphodel, the beasts that he himself Had slain on lonely hills; and in his hands He held a mace, ever unbroken, all
Of bronze.
Likewise, to show forth also his great size, whereas he had spoken before of the Aloiadae,! that at nine years of age they were nine cubits in breadth and an equal number of fathoms in height, he adds: ?
These were the tallest men that ever earth, Giver of grain, did rear, and goodliest By far, save for Orion, famed abroad.
But for our part, since we have spoken, in accord- ance with the plan which we announced at the beginning,® at sufficient length about the heroes and demigods, at this point we shall close the present Book.
+ Otus and Ephialtes, the sons of Aloeus and Iphimedeia, 2 Odyssey, 11. 309-10. 3 Cp. chap. 1. 5.
89
BOOK V
7 id ~ -~ Τάδε ἔνεστιν ἐν τῇ πέμπτῃ τῶν
Διοδώρου βίβλων
Περὶ τῶν μυθολογουμένων κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν καὶ τοῦ σχήματος καὶ μεγέθους τῆς νήσου.
Περὶ Δήμητρος καὶ Κόρης καὶ τῆς εὑρέσεως τοῦ πυρίνου καρποῦ.
Περὶ Λιπάρας καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν Αἰολίδων καλουμένων
, νήσων.
Περὶ Μελίτης καὶ Γαύλου καὶ Κερκίνης.
Περὶ τῆς Αἰθαλείας 1 καὶ Κύρνου καὶ Σαρδόνος.
Περὶ Πιτυούσσης καὶ τῶν νήσων τῶν Γυμνησίων, ds τινες Βαλιαρίδας ὀνομάζουσι.
Περὶ τῶν ἐν ὠκεανῷ νήσων τῶν πρὸς ἑσπέραν κειμένων.
Περὶ τῆς Βρεττανικῆς * νήσου καὶ τῆς ὀνομαζομένης Βα- σιλείας καθ᾽ ἣν τὸ ἤλεκτρον γίνεται.
Περὶ Γαλατίας καὶ Κελτιβηρίας, ἔτι δ᾽ ᾿Ιβηρίας καὶ Λι- γυστικῆς καὶ Τυρρηνίας, καὶ τῶν ἐν ταύταις κατοικούντων, τίσι χρῶνται νομίμοις,
Περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν μεσημβρίαν ἐν ὠκεανῷ νήσων, τῆς τε ‘lepds ὀνομαζομένης καὶ τῆς Παγχαίας, καὶ τῶν ἐν
es , αὐταῖς ἱστορουμένων.
Περὶ Ξαμοθρᾷκης καὶ τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ μυστηρίων.
Περὶ Νάξου καὶ Σύμης καὶ Καλύδνης.
Περὶ Ῥόδου καὶ τῶν κατ᾽ αὐτὴν μυθολογουμένων.
1 Cf. ch. 18 : Αἰθαλίας. ® ἸΙρεττανικῆς D, Vogel.
92
CONTENTS OF THE FIFTH BOOK OF DIODORUS
On the myths which are recounted about Sicily and the shape and size of the island (chap. 2).
On Demeter and Coré and the discovery of the fruit of wheat (chaps. 3-6).
On Lipara and the other islands which are called the Aeolides (chaps. 7-11).
On Melité, Gaulus, and Cercina (chap. 12).
On Aethaleia, Cyrnus (Corsica), and Sardinia (chaps. 13-15).
On Pityussa and the Gymnesiae islands, which some call the Baliarides (chaps. 16-18).
On the islands in the ocean which lie towards the west (chaps. 19-20).
On the island of Britain and that called Basileia, where amber is found (chaps. 21-23).
On Gaul, Celtiberia, Iberia, Liguria, and Tyrrhenia, and on the inhabitants of these countries and the customs they observe (chaps. 24-40).
On the islands in the ocean to the south, both the one called Hiera and that called Panchaea, and on what they are said to contain (chaps. 41-46).
On Samothrace and the mysteries celebrated on the island (chaps. 47-49).
On Naxos and Symé and Calydna (chaps. 50-54).
On Rhodes and the myths which are recounted concerning it (chaps. 55-59).
93
DIODORUS OF SICILY
Περὶ Χερρονήσου τῆς ἀντιπέραν τῆς “Podias κειμένης. Περὶ Κρήτης καὶ τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ μυθολογουμένων μέχρι Ξ z
TOV νεωτέρων καιρῶν.
Περὶ Λέσβου καὶ τῶν εἰς Χίον καί Σάμον καὶ Κῶν καὶ Ῥόδον ἀποικιῶν ὑπὸ Μακαρέως.
Περὶ Τενέδου καὶ τοῦ κατ᾽ αὐτὴν οἰκισμοῦ καὶ τῶν ὑπὸ Τενεδίων περὶ Τέννου μυθευομένων.
Περὶ τῶν Κυκλάδων νήσων τῶν ἐλαττόνων ' οἰκισμοῦ ὑπὸ Μίνωος.
ἱ καὶ τυχουσῶν after ἐλαττόνων omitted by D, Vogel.
94
CONTENTS OF FIFTH BOOK OF DIODORUS
On the Cherronesus which lies over against the territory of Rhodes (chaps. 60-63).
On Crete and the myths which are recounted about it, down to comparatively recent times (chaps. 64-80).
es and the colonies which were led by Macareus to Chios, Samos, and Cos (chaps. 81-82).
On Tenedos, the colonization of the island, and the fabulous tales told by the Tenedians about Tennes (chap. 83).
On the colonization by Minos of the islands of the smaller Cyclades (chap. 84).
95
ΒΙΒΛΟΣ ΠΕΜΠΤῊ
~ - 3 - 1. Πάντων μὲν τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἀναγραφαῖς χρη- ἤ ,ὔ 4 ε ’ὔ σίμων προνοητέον τοὺς ἱστορίαν συνταττομένους, A “~ \ 4 3 μάλιστα δὲ τῆς κατὰ μέρος οἰκονομίας. αὕτη A 3 ,ὔ > “ eS -“ 7 A yap οὐ μόνον ἐν Tots ἰδιωτικοῖς βίοις πολλὰ 7 \ 4 ‘ la Font 3 i συμβάλλεται πρὸς διαμονὴν καὶ αὔξησιν τῆς οὐσίας, 5 Α 4 A 4 [1 ᾽ > 4,7 ~ ἀλλὰ Kat κατὰ τὰς ἱστορίας οὐκ ὀλίγα ποιεῖ 7 ~ ~ “ προτερήματα τοῖς συγγραφεῦσιν. ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ Α ,ὔ \ 4 Ἀ ’ὔ ~ κατὰ τὴν λέξιν καὶ κατὰ τὴν πολυπειρίαν τῶν > 7 ἀναγραφομένων πράξεων ἐπαινούμενοι δικαίως, ] ~ ‘ 4 > ,ὔ “ 7 ἐν τῷ κατὰ τὴν οἰκονομίαν χειρισμῷ διήμαρτον, tid \ / Ἀ 4 ] i “~ ὥστε τοὺς μὲν πόνους καὶ THY ἐπιμέλειαν αὐτῶν 3 ΄-β ᾽ὔ 4 “A > ἀποδοχῆς τυγχάνειν παρὰ τοῖς ἀναγινώσκουσι, " \ / “~ > ,ὔ ,ὔ τὴν δὲ τάξιν τῶν ἀναγεγραμμένων δικαίας τυγ- ,ὔ i / \ iow χάνειν ἐπιτιμήσεως. Τίμαιος μὲν οὖν μεγίστην i , ~ ~ , > πρόνοιαν πεποιημένος τῆς τῶν χρόνων ἀκριβείας λ ~ i Ἀ Α 3 καὶ τῆς πολυπειρίας πεφροντικώς, διὰ τὰς ἀκαίρους ‘ 4 1 ? i ἦλ ‘4 7 καὶ μακρὰς ἐπιτιμήσεις εὐλόγως διαβάλλεται, 1 πικράς, “ sharp,” suggested by Hertlein.
1 The word otkonomia, literally ‘‘ management of a house- hold,” translated “‘ arrangement” in the preceding sentence and “ disposition of private affairs’ here, in its transferred sense may mean “‘ prudent management,” “ good organization of material,” or, as here, “skilful disposition and arrangement.”’
96
BOOK FIVE
1. Ir should be the special care of historians, when they compose their works, to give attention to everything which may be of utility, and especially to the arrangement of the varied material they present. This eye to arrangement, for instance, is not only of great help to persons in the disposition of their private affairs! if they would preserve and increase their property, but also, when men come to writing history, it offers them not a few advan- tages. Some historians indeed, although they are worthy objects of praise in the matter of style and in the breadth of experience 2 derived from the events which they record, have nevertheless fallen short in respect of the way in which they have handled the matter of arrangement, with the result that, whereas the effort and care which they expended receive the approbation of their readers, yet the order which they gave to the material they have recorded is the object of just censure. Timaeus, for example, bestowed, it is true, the greatest attention upon the precision of his chronology and had due regard for the breadth of knowledge gained through experience, but he is criticized with good reason for his untimely and lengthy censures, and because of the excess to
2 Cp. Book 1. 1 f. for the value of the vicarious “experience ”’ which history stores up for readers.
97
μ.
DIODORUS OF SICILY
καὶ διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς ἐπιτιμήσεως ᾿Επιτί- patos ὑπό τινων ὠνομάσθη. "“Edopos δὲ τὰς κοινὰς πράξεις ἀναγράφων οὐ μόνον κατὰ τὴν λέξιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὴν οἰκονομίαν ἐπιτέτευχε' τῶν γὰρ βίβλων ἑκάστην πεποίηκε περιέχειν κατὰ γένος τὰς πράξεις. διόπερ καὶ ἡμεῖς τοῦτο τὸ γένος τοῦ χειρισμοῦ προκρίναντες, κατὰ τὸ δυνατὸν ἀντεχόμεθα ταύτης τῆς προαιρέσεως. 2. καὶ ταύτην τὴν βίβλον ἐπιγράφοντες νησιωτικὴν ἀκο- λούθως τῇ γραφῇ περὶ πρώτης τῆς Σικελίας ἐροῦμεν, ἐπεὶ καὶ κρατίστη τῶν νήσων ἐστὶ καὶ τῇ παλαιότητι τῶν μύθολογουμένων πεπρώτευκεν.
Ἢ γὰρ νῆσος τὸ παλαιὸν ἀπὸ μὲν τοῦ σχήματος Τρινακρία κληθεῖσα, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν κατοικησάντων αὐτὴν Σικανῶν Σικανία προσαγορευθεῖσα, τὸ 1 τελευταῖον ἀπὸ Σικελῶν τῶν ἐκ τῆς ᾿Ιταλίας παν- δημεὶ περαιωθέντων ὠνόμοσται Σικελία. ἔστι δ᾽ αὐτῆς ἡ περίμετρος σταδίων ὡς τετρακισχι- λίων τριακοσίων ἑξήκοντα" τῶν γὰρ τριῶν πλευρῶν ἡ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς IleAwpiddos ἐπὶ τὸ Λιλύβαιον ὑπάρχει σταδίων χιλίων ἑπτακοσίων, ἡ δ᾽ ἀπὸ Λιλυβαίου μέχρι ἸΙαχύνου τῆς Συρακοσίας χώρας σταδίων χιλίων καὶ πεντακοσίων, ἡ δ᾽ ἀπολειπο- μένη σταδίων χιλίων ἑκατὸν τεσσαράκοντα. οἱ ταύτην οὖν κατοικοῦντες Σικελιῶται παρειλή- φασι παρὰ τῶν προγόνων, ἀεὶ τῆς φήμης ἐξ αἰῶνος παραδεδομένης τοῖς ἐκγόνοις, ἱερὰν ὑπάρ-
1 So Madvig: τελευταῖον δέ.
1 ἐδ. each book was a unit. Diodorus says in another place (16. 76. 5) that each book had an Introduction. 2 No such title appears in the MSS.
98
BOOK V. x. 3-2. 3
which he went in censuring he has been given by some men the name Epitimaeus or Censurer. Ephorus, on the other hand, in the universal history which he composed has achieved success, not alone in the style of his composition, but also as regards the arrangement of his work; for each one of his Books is so constructed as to embrace events which fall under a single topic.t Consequently we also have given our preference to this method of handling our material, and, in so far as it is possible, are adhering to this general principle. 2. And since we have given this Book the title ‘On the Islands,” 2 in accordance with this heading the first island we shall speak about will be Sicily, since it is both the richest of the islands and holds first place in respect of the great age of the myths related concerning it. The island in ancient times was called, after its shape, Trinacria,? then Sicania after the Sicani who made their home there, and finally it has been given the name Sicily after the Siceli who crossed over in a body to it from Haly. Its circumference is some four thousand three hundred and sixty stades; for of its three sides, that extending from Pelorias to Lily- baeum is one thousand seven hundred stades, that from Lilybaeum to Pachynus in the territory of Syracuse is a thousand five hundred, and the remain- ing side is one thousand one hundred and forty stades.4 The Siceliotae who dwell in the island have received the tradition from their ancestors, the report having ever been handed down successively from earliest time by one generation to the next, that the
3 * Three Capes’; cp. Strabo, 6. 2. 1. 4 The sum of the lengths of the three sides falls 20 stades short of the total circumference given before.
99
ΤῸΝ
DIODORUS OF SICILY
xew τὴν νῆσον Δήμητρος καὶ Képns: ἔνιοι δὲ τῶν ποιητῶν μυθολογοῦσι κατὰ τὸν τοῦ Πλούτωνος καὶ Φερσεφόνης γάμον ὑπὸ Διὸς ἀνακάλυπτρα τῇ νύμφῃ δεδόσθαι ταύτην τὴν νῆσον. τοὺς δὲ
- ἌΣ \ λ \ ‘ a ae KATOLKOUVYTaS αὐτὴν TO πάλαϊιον Σικανοὺς aAvUTO-
χθονας εἶναί φασιν οἱ νομιμώτατοι τῶν συγγρα- φέων, καὶ τάς τε προειρημένας θεὰς ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ νήσῳ πρώτως φανῆναι καὶ τὸν τοῦ σίτου καρπὸν ταύτην πρώτην ἀνεῖναι διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν τῆς χώρας, περὶ ὧν καὶ τὸν ἐπιφανέστατον τῶν ποιητῶν μαρ- τυρεῖν λέγοντα
LAAG 7 7 ΚΓ ῖ > 7 / 7 ἀλλὰ τά γ᾽ ἄσπαρτα καὶ ἀνήροτα πάντα φύονται, \ ᾿ ͵ 3 πυροὶ Kat κριθαί, ἠδ᾽ ἄμπελοι, αἵ τε φέρουσιν > > “ ᾽ὔ οἶνον ἐριστάφυλον, καί σφιν Διὸς ὄμβρος ἀέξει.
ἔν τε γὰρ τῷ Λεοντίνῳ πεδίῳ καὶ κατὰ πολλοὺς ἄλλους τόπους τῆς Σικελίας μέχρι τοῦ νῦν φύεσθαι τοὺς ἀγρίους ὀνομαζομένους πυρούς. καθόλου δὲ πρὸ] τῆς εὑρέσεως τοῦ σἴτου ζητουμένου κατὰ ποίαν τῆς οἰκουμένης γῆν πρῶτον ἐφάνησαν οἱ προειρημένοι καρποΐ, εἰκός ἐστιν ἀποδίδοσθαι τὸ πρωτεῖον τῇ κρατίστῃ χώρᾳ' καὶ τὰς θεὰς δὲ τὰς εὑρούσας ἀκολούθως τοῖς εἰρημένοις ὁρᾶν ἐστι μάλιστα τιμωμένας παρὰ τοῖς Σικελιώταις. 3. Καὶ τῆς ἁρπαγῆς τῆς κατὰ τὴν Κόρην ἐν ταύτῃ γενομένης 3 ἀπόδειξιν εἶναι λέγουσι φανερω- 1 πρὸ Vogel, περὶ A, Bekker, Dindorf. 2 τὴν ἁρπαγὴν Thy... γενομένην Hertlein.
The Greek word meant originally «festival of unveiling,” when the bride first took off her maiden veil and received presents,
Too
BOOK V. 2. 3-3. 1
island is sacred to Demeter and Coré; although there are certain poets who recount the myth that at the marriage of Pluton and Persephoné Zeus gave this island as a wedding present! to the bride. That the ancient inhabitants of Sicily, the Sicani, were indigenous, is stated by the best authorities among historians, and also that the goddesses we have mentioned made their first appearance on this island, and that it was the first, because of the fertility of the soil, to bring forth the fruit of the corn, facts to which the most renowned of the poets also bears witness when he writes: ?
But all these things grow there for them unsown And e’en untilled, both wheat and barley, yea, And vines, which yield such wine as fine grapes give, And rain of Zeus gives increase unto them.
Indeed, in the plain of Leontini, we are told, and throughout many other parts of Sicily the wheat men call ‘‘ wild ” grows even to this day. And, speaking generally, before the corn was discovered,*? if one were to raise the question, what manner of land it was of the inhabited earth where the fruits we have mentioned appeared for the first time, the meed of honour may reasonably be accorded to the richest land; and in keeping with what we have stated, it is also to be observed that the goddesses who made this discovery are those who receive the highest honours among the Siceliotae.
3. Again, the fact that the Rape of Coré took place in Sicily is, men say, proof most evident that the
2 Homer, Odyssey 9. 109-11, describing the land of the Cyclopes. 3 i.e. before the cultivation of wheat was known and then passed on from people to people. ΙΟΙ
a3
DIODORUS OF SICILY
τάτην ὅτι τὰς διατριβὰς αἱ θεαὶ κατὰ ταύτην τὴν νῆσον ἐποιοῦντο διὰ τὸ στέργεσθαι μάλιστα παρ᾽ αὐταῖς ταύτην. γενέσθαι δὲ μυθολογοῦσι τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῆς Κόρης ἐν τοῖς λειμῶσι τοῖς κατὰ τὴν "Ἔνναν. ἔστι δ᾽ ὁ τόπος οὗτος πλησίον μὲν τῆς πόλεως, ἴ ἴοις δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἄνθεσι παντο- δαποῖς ἐκπρεπὴς καὶ τῆς θεᾶς ἄξιος. διὰ δὲ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν φυομένων ἀνθῶν εὐωδίαν λέγεται τοὺς κυνηγεῖν εἰωθότας κύνας μὴ δύνασθαι στι- βεύειν, ἐμποδιζομένους τὴν φυσικὴν αἴσθησιν. ἔστι δ᾽ ὁ προειρημένος λειμὼν ἄνωθεν μὲν ὁμαλὸς καὶ παντελῶς εὔυδρος, κύκλῳ δ᾽ ὑψηλὸς καὶ πανταχόθεν κρημνοῖς ἀπότομος. δοκεῖ δ᾽ ἐν μέσῳ κεῖσθαι τῆς ὅλης νήσου, διὸ καὶ Σικελίας ὀμφαλὸς ὑπό τινων προσαγορεύεται. ἔχει δὲ καὶ πλησίον ἄλση } καὶ περὶ ταῦτα ἕλη, καὶ σπή- λαιον εὐμέγεθες, ἔχον χάσμα κατάγειον πρὸς τὴν ἄρκτον νενευκός, δι᾿ οὗ μυθολογοῦσι τὸν Πλούτωνα μεθ᾽ ἅρματος ἐπελθόντα “ποιήσασθαι τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῆς Κόρης. τὰ δὲ ἴα καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθῶν τὰ παρεχόμενα τὴν. εὐωδίαν παραδόξως δι᾽ ὅλου τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ παραμένειν θάλλοντα καὶ τὴν ὅλην πρόσοψιν ἀνθηρὰν καὶ ἐπιτερπῆ παρεχόμενα. Μυθολογοῦσι δὲ μετὰ τῆς Κόρης τὰς τῆς ὁμοίας παρθενίας ἠξιωμένας ᾿Αθηνᾶν τε καὶ ᾿Άρτεμιν συντρεφομένας συνάγειν. μετ᾽ αὐτῆς τὰ ἄνθη καὶ κατασκευάζειν κοινῇ τῷ πατρὶ Au τὸν πέπλον. διὰ δὲ τὰς μετ᾽ ἀλλήλων διατριβάς τε καὶ ὁμιλίας ἁπάσας στέρξαι τὴν νῆσον ταύτην μάλιστα, καὶ λαχεῖν ἑκάστην αὐτῶν χώραν, τὴν μὲν ᾿Αθηνᾶν 1 καὶ λειμῶνας after ἄλση deleted by Vogel. Cf. Cic. Verr. 4, 107. 102
BOOK V. 3. τ-
goddesses made this island their favourite retreat because it was cherished by them before all others. And the Rape of Coré, the myth relates, took place in the meadows in the territory of Enna. The spot lies near the city, a place of striking beauty for its violets and every other kind of flower and worthy of the goddess. And the story is told that, because of the sweet odour of the flowers growing there, trained hunting dogs are unable to hold the trail, because their natural sense of smell is balked. And the meadow we have mentioned is level in the centre and well watered throughout, but on its periphery it rises high and falls off with precipitous cliffs on every side. And it is conceived of as lying in the very centre of the island, which is the reason why certain writers call it the navel of Sicily. Near to it also are sacred groves, surrounded by marshy flats, and a huge grotto which contains a chasm which leads down into the earth and opens to the north, and through it, the myth relates, Pluton, coming out with his chariot, effected the Rape of Coré. And the violets, we are told, and the rest of the flowers which supply the sweet odour continue to bloom, to one’s amazement, throughout the entire year, and so the whole aspect of the place is one of flowers and delight.
And both Athena and Artemis, the myth goes on to say, who had made the same choice of maidenhood as had Coré and were reared together with her, joined with her in gathering the flowers, and all of them together wove the robe for their father Zeus. And because of the time they had spent together and their intimacy they all loved this island above any other, and each one of them received for her portion a territory, Athena receiving hers in the region of
103
5:
DIODORUS OF SICILY
ἐν τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἱμέραν μέρεσιν, ἐν οἷς τὰς μὲν Νύμφας χαριζομένας ᾿Αθηνᾷ τὰς τῶν θερμῶν ὑδάτων ἀνεῖναι πηγὰς κατὰ τὴν Ἡρακλέους παρουσίαν, τοὺς δ᾽ ἐγχωρίους πόλιν αὐτῇ καθιερῶ- σαι καὶ χώραν τὴν ὀνομαζομένην μέχρι τοῦ νῦν ᾿Αθήναιον' τὴν δ᾽ ρτεμιν τὴν ἐν ταῖς Συρακού- σαὶς νῆσον λαβεῖν παρὰ τῶν θεῶν τὴν ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνης ᾿Ορτυγίαν ὑπό τε τῶν χρησμῶν καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώ- πων ὀνομασθεῖσαν. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ κατὰ τὴν νῆσον ταύτην ἀνεῖναι τὰς Νύμφας ταύτας χαριζο- μένας τῇ ᾿Αρτέμιδι μεγίστην πηγὴν τὴν ὀνομα- ζομένην ᾿Αρέθουσαν. ταύτην οὐ μόνον κατὰ τοὺς ἀρχαίους χρόνους ἔχειν μεγάλους καὶ πολλοὺς ἰχθῦς, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἡλικίαν δια- μένειν συμβαίνει τούτους, ἱεροὺς ὄντας καὶ ἀθί- Ktous ἀνθρώποις: ἐξ ὧν πολλάκις τινῶν κατὰ τὰς πολεμικὰς περιστάσεις φαγόντων, παραδόξως ἐπε- Hag τὸ θεῖον καὶ μεγάλαις συμφοραῖς περι- ε τοὺς τολμήσαντας προσενέγκασθαι" περὶ
ὧν ἀκριβῶς ἀναγράψομεν ἐ ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις χρόνοις. 4. Ὁμοίως δὲ ταῖς προειρημέναις δυσὶ θεαῖς καὶ τὴν Κόρην λαχεῖν τοὺς περὶ τὴν "Ἔνναν λειμῶνας" πηγὴν δὲ μεγάλην αὐτῇ καθιερωθῆ- vat ἐν τῇ Συρακοσίᾳ τὴν ὀνομαζομένην Κυάνην. τὸν γὰρ Πλούτωνα μυθολογοῦσι τὴν ἁρπαγὴν ποιησάμενον ἀποκομίσαι τὴν Κόρην ἐφ᾽ ἅρματος πλησίον τῶν Συρακουσῶν, καὶ τὴν γῆν ἀναρρή- Eavra αὐτὸν μὲν μετὰ τῆς ἁρπαγείσης δῦναι καθ᾽ ἅδου, πηγὴν δ᾽ ἀνεῖναι τὴν ὀνομαζομένην
--- --- «
1 Mentioned before in Book 4. 23, 1. 104
BOOK V. 3. 4-4. 2
Himera, where the Nymphs, to please Athena, caused the springs of warm water! to gush forth on the oceasion of the visit of Heracles to the island, and the natives consecrated a city to her and a plot of ground which to this day is called Athena’s. And Artemis received from the gods the island at Syracuse which was named after her, by both the oracles and men, Ortygia.? On this island likewise these Nymphs, to please Artemis, caused a great fountain to gush forth to which was given the name Arethusa. And not only in ancient times did this fountain con- tain large fish in great numbers, but also in our own day we find these fish still there, considered to be holy and not to be touched by men; and on many occasions, when certain men have eaten them amid stress of war, the deity has shown a striking sign, and has visited with great sufferings such as dared to take them for food. Of these matters we shall give an exact account in connection with the appropriate period of time.?
4, Like the two goddesses whom we have men- tioned Coré, we are told, received as her portion the meadows round about Enna; but a great fountain was made sacred to her in the territory of Syracuse and given the name Cyané or “ Azure Fount.’”’ For the myth relates that it was near Syracuse that Pluton effected the Rape of Coré and took her away in his chariot, and that after cleaving the earth asunder he himself descended into Hades, taking along with him the bride whom he had seized, and that he caused
2 “ Quail-island.” Several islands of this name are known in the Greek world, and on one of them Artemis slew Orion (Odyssey, 5. 123); hence she received the name “ Ortygia.”
3 Instances of punishments for the desecration of the shrines of Demeter and Coré are given in Book 14. 63 and 70-1.
105
DIODORUS OF SICILY
Κυάνην, πρὸς 7) κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν οἱ Συρακόσιοι πανήγυριν ἐπιφανῆ συντελοῦσι, καὶ θύουσιν οἱ μὲν ἰδιῶται τὰ ἐλάττω τῶν ἱερείων, δημοσίᾳ δὲ ταύρους βυθίζουσιν ἐν τῇ λίμνῃ, ταύτην τὴν θυσίαν καταδείξαντος Ἡρακλέους καθ᾽ ὃν καιρὸν τὰς Γηρυόνου βοῦς ἐλαύνων περιῆλθε πᾶσαν Σικελίαν.
Μετὰ δὲ τὴν τῆς Κόρης ἁρπαγὴν μυθολογοῦσι τὴν Δήμητραν μὴ δυναμένην ἀνευρεῖν τὴν υγατέρα λαμπάδας ἐκ τῶν κατὰ τὴν Αἴτνην κρατήρων ἀναψαμένην ἐπελθεῖν ἐπὶ πολλὰ μέρη τῆς οἰκουμένης, τῶν δ᾽ ἀνθρώπων τοὺς μάλιστ᾽ αὐτὴν προσδεξαμένους εὐεργετῆσαι τὸν τῶν πυρῶν καρπὸν ἀντιδωρησαμένην. φιλανθρωπότατα δὲ τῶν ᾿Αθηναίων ὑποδεξαμένων τὴν θεόν, πρώτοις τούτοις μετὰ τοὺς Σικελιώτας δωρήσασθαι τὸν τῶν πυρῶν καρπόν" ἀνθ᾽ ὧν ὁ δῆμος οὗτος περιττότε- ρον τῶν ἄλλων ἐτίμησαν τὴν θεὸν θυσίαις 7 ἐπι- φανεστάταις καὶ τοῖς ἐν ᾿Ελευσῖνι μυστηρίοις, ἃ διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς ἀρχαιότητος καὶ ἁγνείας ἐγένετο πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις περιβόητα. παρὰ δὲ τῶν ᾿Αθηναίων πολλοὶ “μεταλαβόντες τῆς ἐκ τοῦ σίτου φιλανθρωπίας, καὶ τοῖς πλησιοχώροις μετα- διδόντες τοῦ σπέρματος, ἐπλήρωσαν πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην. ot δὲ κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν, διὰ τὴν τῆς Δήμητρος καὶ Κόρης πρὸς αὐτοὺς οἰκειότητα πρῶτοι τῆς εὑρέσεως τοῦ σίτου μεταλαβόντες, ἑκατέρᾳ τῶν θεῶν κατέδειξαν θυσίας καὶ πανη- γύρεις, ἐπωνύμους αὐταῖς ποιήσαντες καὶ τῷ
1 (p. Book 4. 23. See note on p. 114.
106
BOOK V. 4. 2-5
the fountain named Cyané to gush forth, near which the Syracusans each year hold a notable festive gathering; and private individuals offer the lesser victims, but when the ceremony is on behalf of the community, bulls are plunged in the pool, this manner of sacrifice having been commanded by Heracles on the occasion when he made the circuit of all Sicily, while driving off the cattle of Geryones.} After the Rape of Coré, the myth goes on to re- count, Demeter, being unable to find her daughter, kindled torches in the craters of Mt. Aetna and
visited many parts of the inhabited world, and upon
the men who received her with the greatest favour she conferred benefactions, rewarding them with the gift of the fruit of the wheat. And since a more kindly welcome was extended the goddess by the Athenians than by any other people, they were the first after the Siceliotae 5 to be given the fruit of the wheat; and in return for this gift the citizens of that city in assembly honoured the goddess above all others with the establishment both of most notable sacrifices and of the mysteries of Eleusis, which, by reason of their very great antiquity and sanctity, have come to be famous among all mankind. From the Athenians many peoples received a portion of the gracious gift of the corn, and they in turn, sharing the gift of the seed with their neighbours, in this way caused all the inhabited world to abound with it. And the inhabitants of Sicily, since by reason of the intimate relationship of Demeter and Coré with them they were the first to share in the corn after its dis- covery, instituted to each one of the goddesses sacrifices and festive gatherings, which they named after them, and by the time chosen for these made
107
DIODORUS OF SICILY
6 χρόνῳ διασημήναντες Tas δοθείσας δωρεάς. τῆς
-.1
μὲν γὰρ Κόρης τὴν καταγωγὴν ἐποιήσαντο περὶ τὸν καιρὸν ἐν ᾧ τὸν τοῦ σίτου καρπὸν τελεσιουρ- γεῖσθαι συνέβαινε, καὶ ταύτην τὴν θυσίαν καὶ πανήγυριν μετὰ τοσαύτης ayvelas καὶ σπουδῆς ἐπιτελοῦσιν ὅσης 1 εἰκός ἐστι τοὺς τῇ κρατίστῃ δωρεᾷ προκριθέντας τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων ἀποδιδό- ναι τὰς χάριτας" τῆς δὲ Δήμητρος τὸν καιρὸν τῆς θυσίας προέκριναν ἐν ᾧ τὴν ἀρχὴν ὁ σπόρος τοῦ σίτου λαμβάνει, ἐπὶ δ᾽ ἡμέρας δέκα πανήγυριν ἄγουσιν ἐπώνυμον τῆς θεοῦ ταύτης, τῇ τε λαμπρότητι τῆς παρασκευῆς μεγαλοπρεπεστάτην καὶ τῇ διασκευῇ μιμούμενοι τὸν ἀρχαῖον βίον. ἔθος δ᾽ ἐστὶν αὐτοῖς ἐν ταύταις ταῖς ἡμέραις αἰσχρολογεῖν κατὰ τὰς πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὁμιλίας διὰ τὸ τὴν θεὸν ἐπὶ τῇ τῆς Κόρης ἁρπαγῇ λυπουμένην γελάσαι διὰ τὴν αἰσχρολογίαν.
ὅ. Περὶ δὲ τῆς κατὰ τὴν Κόρην ἁρπαγῆς, ὅτι γέγονεν ὡς προειρήκαμεν, πολλοὶ τῶν ἀρχαίων συγγραφέων καὶ ποιητῶν μεμαρτυρήκασι. Καρκι- νος μὲν γὰρ ὁ τῶν τραγῳδιῶν ποιητής, πλεονάκις ἐν ταῖς Συρακούσαις παρεπιδεδημηκὼς καὶ τὴν τῶν ἐγχωρίων τεθεαμένος σπουδὴν περὶ τὰς θυσίας καὶ πανηγύρεις τῆς τε Δήμητρος καὶ Κόρης, κατεχώρισεν ἐν τοῖς ποιήμασι τούσδε τοὺς στίχους:
1 ὅσης Hertlein, Vogel, ὅσῃ Wesseling, Bekker, Dindorf: ὅσην.
108
BOOK V. 4. 5-5. 1
acknowledgment of the gifts which had been con- ferred upon them. In the case of Coré, for instance, they established the celebration of her return at about the time when the fruit of the corn was found to come to maturity, and they celebrate this sacrifice and festive gathering with such strictness of observ- ance and such zeal as we should reasonably expect those men to show who are returning thanks for having been selected before all mankind for the greatest possible gift; but in the case of Demeter they preferred that time for the sacrifice when the sowing of the corn is first begun, and for a period of ten days they hold a festive gathering which bears the name of this goddess and is most magnificent by reason of the brilliance of their preparation for it, while in the observance of it they imitate the ancient manner of life. And it is their custom during these days to indulge in coarse language as they associate one with another, the reason being that by such coarseness the goddess, grieved though she was at the Rape of Coré, burst into laughter.
5. That the Rape of Coré took place in the manner we have described is attested by many ancient his- torians and poets. Carcinus! the tragic poet, for instance, who often visited in Syracuse and wit- nessed the zeal which the inhabitants displayed in the sacrifices and festive gatherings for both Demeter and Coré, has the following verses ? in his writings :
1 Two writers of tragedies by this name are known, both of Acragas in Sicily, a Carcinus the elder, who was exhibiting in Athens at the opening of the Peloponnesian War, and his grandson.
2 Frg. 5 (Nauck).
109
DIODORUS OF SICILY
λέγουσι Δήμητρός ποτ᾽ ἄρρητον κόρην
Ἡλούτωνα κρυφίοις ἁρπάσαι βουλεύμασι,
δῦναί τε γαίας εἰς μελαμφαεῖς μυχούς,
πόθῳ δὲ μητέρ᾽ ἠφανισμένης κόρης
μαστῆρ᾽ ἐπελθεῖν πᾶσαν ἐν κύκλῳ χθόνα.
καὶ γῆν ἴ μὲν Αὐἰτναίοισι Σικελίας πάγοις
πυρὸς γέμουσαν ῥεύμασιν δυσεμβόλοις
πᾶσαν στενάξαι, πένθεσιν δὲ παρθένου
σίτων ἄμοιρον διοτρεφὲς φθίνειν γένος.
ὅθεν θεὰς τιμῶσιν εἰς τὰ νῦν ἔτι.
Οὐκ ἄξιον δὲ παραλιπεῖν τῆς θεοῦ ταύτης τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους εὐεργεσίας" χωρὶς γὰρ τῆς εὑρέσεως τοῦ σίτου τήν τε κατερ- γασίαν αὐτοῦ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐδίδαξε καὶ νόμους εἰσηγήσατο καθ᾽ ots δικαιοπραγεῖν εἰθίσθησαν, δι᾿ ἣν αἰτίαν φασὶν αὐτὴν θεσμοφόρον ἐπονομασθῆ- val. τούτων δὲ τῶν εὑρημάτων οὐκ ἄν τις ἑτέραν εὐεργεσίαν εὕροι μείζονα: καὶ γὰρ τὸ ζῆν καὶ τὸ καλῶς ζῆν περιέχουσι. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν μυθολογουμένων παρὰ τοῖς Σικελιώταις ἀρκεσ- θησόμεθα τοῖς ῥηθεῖσιν.
6. Περὶ δὲ τῶν κατοικησάντων ἐν αὐτῇ πρώ- τῶν Σικανῶν, ἐπειδή τινες τῶν συγγραφέων διαφωνοῦσιν, ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστι συντόμως εἰπεῖν. Φίλιστος μὲν γάρ φησιν ἐξ ᾿Ιβηρίας αὐτοὺς
» γῆν... Σικελίας Nauck, τὴν . . . Σικελίαν, Rhodomann, all editors: τὴν . . . Σικελίας.
————— -
1 Cp. Book 1. 14. 4. IIO
BOOK V. 5. 1-6. 1
Demeter’s daughter, her whom none may name,
By secret schemings Pluton, men say, stole,
And then he dropped into earth’s depths, whose light
Is darcaese Longing for the vanished girl
Her mother searched and visited all lands
In turn. And Sicily’s land by Aetna’s crags
Was filled with streams of fire which no man could
Approach, and groaned throughout its length; in grief
Over the maiden now the folk, beloved
Of Zeus, was perishing without the corn.
Hence honour they these goddesses e’en now.
But we should not omit to mention the very great benefaction which Demeter conferred upon mankind ; for beside the fact that she was the discoverer of corn, she also taught mankind how to prepare it for food and introduced laws by obedience to which men became accustomed to the practice of justice, this being the reason, we are told, why she has been given the epithet Thesmophoros or Lawgiver.! Surely a benefaction greater than these discoveries of hers one could not find; for they embrace both living and living honourably. However, as for the myths which are current among the Siceliotae, we shall be satisfied with what has been said.
6. We must now write briefly about the Sicani who were the first inhabitants of Sicily, in view of the fact that certain historians are not in agreement about this people. Philistus,? for instance, says that
2 Shortly before his death in about 365 8.c. Philistus of Syracuse composed in thirteen Books his history of Sicily from the earliest times to approximately his own day.
111
DIODORUS OF SICILY
ἀποικισθέντας κατοικῆσαι THY νῆσον, ἀπό τινος Σικανοῦ ποταμοῦ κατ᾽ ᾽᾿Ιβηρίαν ὄντος τετευχότας ταύτης τῆς προσηγορίας, Τίμαιος δὲ τὴν ἄγνοιαν τούτου τοῦ συγγραφέως ἐλέγξας ἀκριβῶς ἀπο- φαίνεται τούτους αὐτόχθονας εἶναι: πολλὰς δ᾽ αὐτοῦ φέροντος ἀποδείξεις τῆς τούτων ἀρχαιότη- τος, οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον ἡγούμεθα περὶ τούτων διεξιέ- vat. οἱ δ᾽ οὖν Σικανοὶ τὸ παλαιὸν κωμηδὸν ᾧκουν, ἐπὶ τῶν ὀχυρωτάτων λόφων τὰς πόλεις κατασκευάζοντες διὰ τοὺς λῃστάς" οὐ γὰρ ἦσαν ὑπὸ μίαν ἡγεμονίαν βασιλέως τεταγμένοι, κατὰ πόλιν δὲ ἑκάστην εἷς ἦν ὁ δυναστεύων. καὶ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἅπασαν τὴν νῆσον κατῴκουν, καὶ τὴν χώραν ἐργαζόμενοι τὰς τροφὰς εἶχον' ὕστερον δὲ τῆς Αἴτνης ἐν πλείοσι τόποις ἀναφυσή- ματα πυρὸς ἀνείσης, καὶ πολλοῦ κατὰ τὴν χώραν ῥύακος ἐκχυθέντος, συνέβη φθαρῆναι τῆς γῆς ἐπὶ πολὺν τόπον. ἐπ᾽ ἔτη δὲ πλείω τοῦ πυρὸς ἐπινεμομένου πολλὴν χώραν, φοβηθέντες τὰ μὲν πρὸς ἕω κεκλιμένα τῆς Σικελίας ἐξέλιπον, εἰς δὲ τὰ πρὸς δυσμὰς νεύοντα μετῴκησαν. τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον πολλαῖς γενεαῖς ὕστερον ἐκ τῆς ᾿Ιταλίας τὸ τῶν Σικελῶν ἔθνος πανδημεὶ περαιωθὲν εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, τὴν ὑπὸ τῶν Σικανῶν ἐκλειφθεῖσαν χώραν κατῴκησαν. ἀεὶ δὲ τῇ πλεονεξίᾳ προβαιν- ὄντων τῶν Σικελῶν, καὶ τὴν ὅμορον πορθούντων, ἐγένοντο πόλεμοι πλεονάκις αὐτοῖς πρὸς τοὺς Σικανούς, ἕως συνθήκας ποιησάμενοι συμφώνους ὅρους ἔθεντο τῆς χώρας" περὶ ὧν τὰ κατὰ μέρος ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις χρόνοις ἀναγράψομεν. ὕσταται
II2
BOOK V. 6. 1-5
they removed from Iberia and settled the island, having got the name they bore from a certain river in Iberia named Sicanus, but Timaeus adduces proof of the ignorance of this historian and correctly declares that they were indigenous; and inasmuch as the evidences he offers of the antiquity of this people are many, we think that there is no need for us to recount them. The Sicani, then, originally made their homes in villages, building their settle- ments upon the strongest hills because of the pirates 5 for they had not yet been brought under the single rule of a king, but in each settlement there was one man who was lord. And at first they made their home in every part of the island and secured their food by tilling the land; but at a later time, when Aetna sent up volcanic eruptions in an increasing number of places and a great torrent of lava was poured forth over the land, it came to pass that a great stretch of the country was ruined. And since the fire kept consuming a large area of the land during an increasing number of years, in fear they left the eastern parts of Sicily and removed to the western. And last of all, many generations later, the people of the Siceli crossed over in a body from Italy into Sicily and made their home in the land which had been abandoned by the Sicani. And since the Siceli steadily grew more avaricious and kept ravaging the land which bordered on theirs, frequent wars arose between them and the Sicani, until at last they struck covenants and set up boundaries, upon which they had agreed, for the territory. With regard to the Sicani we shall give a detailed account in con- nection with the appropriate period of time.1 The
1 No such account is found in the extant books of Diodorus.
113
DIODORUS OF SICILY
δ᾽ ἀποικίαι τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐγένοντο κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν ἀξιόλογοι καὶ πόλεις παρὰ θάλατταν ἐκτίσθησαν. ἀναμιγνύμενοι δ᾽ ἀλλήλοις καὶ διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν καταπλεόντων “Ἑλλήνων τήν τε διάλεκτον αὐτῶν ἔμαθον καὶ ταῖς ἀγωγαῖς συντρα- φέντες τὸ τελευταῖον τὴν βάρβαρον διάλεκτον ἅμα καὶ τὴν προσηγορίαν ἠλλάξαντο, Σικελιῶται προσαγορευθέντες.
7. Ἡμεῖς δὲ περὶ τούτων ἀρκούντως εἰρηκότες μεταβιβάσομεν τὸν λόγον ἐ ἐπὶ τὰς νήσους τὰς ὀνομα- ζομένας Αἰολίδας. αὗται δ᾽ εἰσὶ τὸν μὲν ἀριθμὸν ἑπτά, προσηγορίας δ᾽ ἔχουσι ταύτας, Στρογγύλη καὶ Edavupos, ἔτι δὲ Διδύμη καὶ Φοινικώδης καὶ ᾿Ερικώδης, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ᾿ἱερὰ ‘Hdaiorov καὶ Λιπάρα, καθ᾽ ἣν ὁμώνυμος πόλις καθίδρυται. κεῖνται δ᾽ αὗται μεταξὺ Σικελίας καὶ ᾿Ιταλίας ἐπ᾽ εὐθείας ἀπὸ πορθμοῦ καὶ τῆς πρὸς ἕω πρὸς δύσιν. ἀπέχουσι δὲ τῆς Σικελίας ὡς ἑκατὸν πεντήκοντα σταδίους, καὶ τὸ μέγεθός εἰσιν ἀλλήλαις παραπλή- σιαι: ἡ δὲ μεγίστη αὐτῶν ἐστι τὴν περίμετρον σταδίων ὡς ἑκατὸν πεντήκοντα. αὗται «δὲ πᾶσαι πυρὸς ἐσχήκασιν ἀναφυσήματα μεγάλα, ὧν κρατῆ-
e / " Ἁ / 4 -ἂ “~ pes οἱ γεγενημένοι καὶ τὰ στόμια μέχρι τοῦ νῦν εἰσι φανερά. ἐν δὲ τῇ Στρογγύλῃ καὶ τῇ Ἱερᾷ μέχρι τοῦ νῦν ἐκ τῶν χασμάτων ἐκπίπτει πνεύματος μέγεθος καὶ βρόμος ἐξαίσιος: ἐκφυσᾶται δὲ καὶ ἅμμος καὶ λίθων διαπύρων πλῆθος, καθάπερ ἔστιν ὁρᾶν καὶ περὶ τὴν Αἴτνην γινόμενον. λέγουσι γάρ τινες ἐκ τούτων τῶν νήσων ὑπονόμους εἶναι κατὰ
_ 1 This name obviously is used here to include, not only the
Greeks in contrast to Sicels, as in other authors, but such natives of Sicily as adopted the Greek language and manners, 114
BOOK V. 6. 5-7. 4
colonies of the Greeks—and notable ones they were —were the last to be made in Sicily, and their cities were founded on the sea. All the inhabitants mingled with one another, and since the Greeks came to the island in great numbers, the natives learned their speech, and then, having been brought up in the Greek ways of life, they lost in the end their barbarian speech as well as their name, all of them being called Siceliotae.t
7. But since we have spoken about these matters at sufficient length we shall turn our discussion to the islands known as the Aeolides.2. These islands are seven in number and bear the following names: Strongylé, Kuonymus, Didymé, Phoenicodes, Eri- codes, Hiera Hephaestu,? and Lipara,* on which is situated a city of the same name. They lie between Sicily and Italy in a straight line from the Strait, extending from east to west. They are about one hundred and fifty stades distant from Sicily and are all of about the same size, and the largest one of them is about one hundred and fifty stades in cireum- ference. All of them have experienced great vol- canic eruptions, and the resulting craters and open- ings may be seen to this day. On Strongylé and Hiera even at the present time there are sent forth from the open mouths great exhalations accompanied by an enormous roaring, and sand and a multitude of red-hot stones are erupted, as may also be seen taking place on Aetna. The reason is, as some say, that passages lead under the earth from these islands
2 The Lipari islands.
3 “Sacred to Hephaestus.”
4 The modern names are Stromboli, Panaria, Salina, Filicuri, Alicuri, Vulcano, and Lipari respectively.
115
5
6
7
DIODORUS OF SICILY
γῆς μέχρι τῆς Αἴτνης καὶ τοῖς én’ ἀμφότερα στο- μίοις συνημμένους" διὸ καὶ κατὰ τὸ πλεῖστον ἐναλ- λὰξ κάεσθαι τοὺς ἐν ταύταις ταῖς νήσοις κρατῆρας τῶν κατὰ τὴν Αἴτνην.
Φασὶ δὲ τὰς Αἰόλου νήσους τὸ μὲν παλαιὸν ἐρή- μους γεγονέναι, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τὸν ὀνομαζόμενον Λίπαρον, Αὔσονος ὄντα τοῦ βασιλέως vidv, ὑπὸ τῶν ἀδελφῶν καταστασιασθῆναι, κυριεύσαντα δὲ νεῶν μακρῶν καὶ στρατιωτῶν ἐκ τῆς ᾿Ιταλίας φυγεῖν εἰς τὴν ἀπὸ τούτου Λιπάραν ὀνομασθεῖσαν" ἐν ταύτῃ δὲ τὴν ἐπώνυμον αὑτοῦ πόλιν κτίσαι, καὶ τὰς ἄλλας νήσους τὰς προειρημένας γεωργῆσαι. τούτου δὲ γεγηρακότος Αἰόλον τὸν ᾿Ἱππότου μετά τίνων παραβαλόντα εἰς τὴν Λιπάραν τὴν τοῦ Λιπάρου θυγατέρα γῆμαι Κυάνην: καὶ τοὺς λαοὺς κοινῇ μετὰ τῶν ἐγχωρίων πολιτεύεσθαι ποιήσας ἐβασίλευσε τῆς νήσου. τῷ δὲ Λιπάρῳ τῆς ᾿Ιταλίας ἐπιθυμοῦντι συγκατεσκεύασεν αὐτῷ ! τοὺς περὶ τὸ Σύρρεντον τόπους, ὅπου βασιλεύσας καὶ μεγά- Ans ἀποδοχῆς τυχὼν ἐτελεύτησε: ταφεὶς δὲ μεγαλοπρεπῶς τιμῶν ἔτυχεν ἡρωικῶν παρὰ τοῖς ἐγχωρίοις. ὃ δ᾽ Αἰόλος οὗτός ἐστι πρὸς ὃν μυθολογοῦσι τὸν ᾿Οδυσσέα κατὰ τὴν πλάνην ἀφικέσθαι. γενέσθαι δ᾽ αὐτόν φασιν εὐσεβῆ καὶ δίκαιον, ἔτι δὲ καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἕένους φιλάνθρωπον: πρὸς δὲ τούτοις τὴν τῶν ἱστίων χρείαν τοῖς ναυτικοῖς ἐπεισηγήσασθαι, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ πυρὸς προσημασίας παρατετηρηκότα προλέγειν τοὺς ἐγχωρίους 2 ἀνέμους εὐστόχως,
1 αὐτῷ deleted by Reiske.
2 τοῖς ἐγχωρίοις A, Bekker, Dindorf, τοὺς ἐγχωρίους other MSS., Vogel.
116
BOOK V. 7. 4-7
to Aetna and are connected with the openings at both ends of them, and this is why thecraters on these islands usually alternate in activity with those of Aetna.
We are told that the islands of Aeolus! were uninhabited in ancient times, but that later Liparus, as he was called, the son of Auson the king, was overcome by his brothers who rebelled against him, and securing some warships and soldiers he fled from Italy to the island, which received the name Lipara after him; on it he founded the city which bears his name and brought under cultivation the other islands mentioned before. And when Liparus had already come to old age, Aeolus, the son of Hippotes, came to Lipara with certain companions and married Cyané, the daughter of Liparus; and after he had formed a government in which his followers and the natives shared equally he became king over the island. To Liparus, who had a longing for Italy, Aeolus gave his aid in securing for him the regions about Surrentum, where he became king and, after winning great esteem, ended his days; and after he had been accorded a magnificent funeral he received at the hands of the natives honours equal to those offered to the heroes. This is the Aeolus to whom, the myth relates, Odysseus came in the course of his wanderings.2, He was, they say, pious and just and kindly as well in his treatment of strangers; furthermore, he introduced sea-farers to the use of sails and had learned, by long observation of what the fire 8 foretold, to predict with accuracy the local winds,’ this being the reason why the myth has
1 Called above the ‘‘ Aeolides.”’
2 The account is in the Odyssey, 10. 1 ff.
3 «.e. of the volcano. 7
4 Or“ predict . . . winds to the natives ” (cp. critical note),
11}
RS
DIODORUS OF SICILY
ἐξ οὗ ταμίαν αὐτὸν εἶναι τῶν ἀνέμων ὁ μῦθος ἀνέδειξε: διὰ δὲ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς εὐσεβείας φίλον τῶν θεῶν ὀνομασθῆναι.
8. Τοῦ δ᾽ Αἰόλου υἱοὺς γενέσθαι τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἕξ, ᾿Αστύοχον καὶ Ξοῦθον καὶ ᾿Ανδροκλέα, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις Φεραίμονα καὶ ᾿Ιόκαστον καὶ ᾿Αγά- θυρνον᾽ πάντας δὲ τούτους διά τε τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς δόξαν καὶ διὰ τὰς ἀρετὰς ἀποδοχῆς μεγάλης τυχεῖν" τούτων δ᾽ ᾿Ιόκαστος μὲν τῆς ᾿Ιταλίας ἀντεχόμενος ἐβασίλευσε τῆς παραλίας μέχρι τῶν κατὰ τὸ Ῥήγιον τόπων, Φεραίμων δὲ καὶ ᾿Ανδρο- κλῆς ἐδυνάστευσαν τῆς Σικελίας ἀπὸ 1 πορθμοῦ μέχρι. τῶν κατὰ τὸ Λιλύβαιον τόπων. ταύτης δὲ τῆς χώρας τὰ μὲν πρὸς ἕω κεκλιμένα μέρη κατῴκουν Σικελοί, τὰ δὲ πρὸς δυσμὰς Σικανοί. ταῦτα δὲ τὰ 20m πρὸς ἄλληλα διεφέροντο, τοῖς δ᾽ Αἰόλου παισὶ τοῖς προειρημένοις ἑκουσίως ὑπήκουον διά τε τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς Αἰόλου διαβεβοη- μένην εὐσέβειαν καὶ διὰ τὴν αὐτῶν ἐκείνων ἐ ἐπιεί- κειαν. ἐβασίλευσε δὲ καὶ Ξοῦθος τῆς περὶ τοὺς Λεοντίνους χώρας, ἥτις ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνου μέχρι τοῦ νῦν χρόνου Ἐουθία προσαγορεύεται. ᾿Αγά- θυρνος δὲ βασιλεύσας τῆς νῦν ὀνομαζομένης ᾿Αγα- θυρνίτιδος χώρας ἔκτισε πόλιν τὴν ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ κληθεῖσαν ᾿Αγάθυρνον. ᾿Αστύοχος δὲ τῆς Λιπά- ρας ἔσχε τὴν ἡγεμονίαν. πάντες δ᾽ οὗτοι μιμη- σάμενοι τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς εὐσέβειάν τε καὶ δικαιο- σύνην μεγάλης ἐτύγχανον ἀποδοχῆς. ἐπὶ πολλὰς
ὲ γενεὰς τῶν ἐκγόνων διαδεχομένων τὰς δυνα- στείας, τὸ τελευταῖον οἱ am Αἰόλου γεγονότες βασιλεῖς κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν διελύθησαν.
118
BOOK V. γ. 7-8. ἢ
referred to him as the “keeper of the winds ”’;1 and it was because of his very great piety that he was called a friend of the Gods.
8. To Aeolus, we are told, sons were born to the number of six, Astyochus, Xuthus, and Androcles, and Pheraemon, Jocastus, and Agathyrnus, and they every one received great approbation both because of the fame of their father and because of their own high achievements. Of their number Jocastus held fast to Italy and was king of the coast as far as the regions about Rhegium, but Pheraemon and Androcles were lords over Sicily from the Strait as far as the regions about Lilybaeum. Of this country the parts to the east were inhabited by Siceli and those to the west by Sicani. These two peoples quarrelled with each other, but they rendered obedience of their own free will to the sons of Aeolus we have mentioned, both because of the piety of their father Aeolus, which was famed afar, and because of the fair-dealing of the sons themselves. Xuthus was king over the land in the neighbourhood of Leontini, which is known after him as Xuthia to this day. Agathyrnus, becoming king of the land now called Agathyrnitis, founded a city which was called after him Agathyrnus ; and Astyochus secured the lordship over Lipara. All these men followed the example which their father had set for both piety and justice and hence were accorded great approbation. Their descend- ants succeeded to their thrones over many genera- tions, but in the end the kings of the house of Aeolus were overthrown throughout Sicily.
1 Op. the Odyssey, 10. 21.
1 τοῦ after ἀπὸ omitted by D, Vogel.
DIODORUS OF SICILY
9, Mera δὲ ταῦτα of μὲν Σικελοὶ τοῖς ἀρίστοις τῶν ἀνδρῶν τὰς ἡγεμονίας ἐνεχείριζον, οἱ δὲ Σικανοὶ περὶ τῆς δυναστείας διαφερόμενοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐπολέμουν ἐπὶ πολλοὺς χρόνους. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα πολλοῖς ἔτεσιν ὕστερον, πάλιν τῶν νήσων ἐξερημουμένων ἀεὶ καὶ μᾶλλον, Κνίδιοί τινες καὶ Ῥόδιοι δυσαρεστήσαντες τῇ βαρύτητι τῶν κατὰ τὴν ᾿Ασίαν βασιλέων ἔγνωσαν ἀποικίαν ἐκπέμπειν. διόπερ προστησάμενοι σφῶν αὐτῶν ἡγεμόνα Πένταθλον τὸν Κνίδιον, ὃς ἦν ἀναφέρων τὸ γένος εἰς ἱππότην τὸν ἀφ᾽ “Ἡρακλέους γεγονότα, κατὰ τὴν Ὀλυμπιάδα τὴν πεντηκοστήν, ἣν ἐνίκα στάδιον "EmreAiSas Λάκων, οἱ δ᾽ οὖν περὶ τὸν Πένταθλον πλεύσαντες τῆς Σικελίας εἰς τοὺς κατὰ τὸ Λιλύβαιον τόπους κατέλαβον *Hyeoratous καὶ Σελινουντίους διαπολεμοῦντας πρὸς ἀλλήλους. πεισθέντες δὲ τοῖς Σελινουντίοις συμμαχεῖν πολ- λοὺς ἀπέβαλον κατὰ τὴν μάχην, ἐν οἷς ἦν καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Πένταθλος. διόπερ οἱ περιλειφθέντες, ἐπειδὴ κατεπολεμήθησαν οἱ Σελινούντιοι, διέ- γνωσαν ἀπιέναι πάλιν ἐπ᾽ οἴκου" ἑλόμενοι δ᾽ ἡγεμόνας τοὺς οἰκείους τοῦ Πεντάθλου Γόργον καὶ Θέστορα καὶ ᾿Ἐπιθερσίδην, ἀπέπλεον διὰ τοῦ Τυρρηνικοῦ πελάγους. προσπλευσάντων ὃ αὐτῶν τῇ Λιπάρᾳ καὶ φιλόφρονος 3 ἀποδοχῆς τυχόντων, ἐπείσθησαν κοινῇ μετὰ τῶν ἐγχωρίων κατοικῆσαι τὴν Λιπάραν, ὄντων τῶν ἀπ᾽ Αἰόλου περιλελειμ- μένων ὡς πεντακοσίων. ὕστερον δὲ τῶν Tup-
1 διόπερ deleted by Reiske. 2 So Bekker: φιλοφρόνως.
120
BOOK V. 9. 1-4
9. After this the Siceli put the leadership in each case in the hands of the ablest man, but the Sicani quarrelled over the lordship and warred against each other during a long period of time. But many years later than these events, when the islands! again were becoming steadily more destitute of inhabi- tants, certain men of Cnidus and Rhodes, being aggrieved at the harsh treatment they were receiving at the hands of the kings of Asia, resolved to send out a colony. Consequently, having chosen for their leader Pentathlus of Cnidus—who traced his ancestry back to Hippotes, who was a descendant of Heracles —in the course of the Fiftieth Olympiad,? that in which Epitelidas of Sparta won the “ stadion,’’ 3 these settlers, then, of the company of Pentathlus sailed to Sicily to the regions about Lilybaeum, where they found the inhabitants of Egesta and of Selinus at war with one another. And being persuaded by the men of Selinus to take their side in the war, they suffered heavy losses in the battle, Pentathlus himself being among those who fell. Consequently the survivors, since the men of Selinus had been defeated in the war, decided to return to their homes; and choosing for leaders Gorgus and Thestor and Fpithersides, who were relatives of Pentathlus, they sailed off through the Tyrrhenian Sea. But when they put in at Lipara and received a kindly reception, they were prevailed upon to make common cause with the inhabitants of Lipara in forming a single community there, since of the colony of Aeolus there remained only about five hundred men. At a later
1 4.e. the Aeolides. δ΄ 2.6 between 580 and 576 B.c. ° The famous foot-race at Olympia, 6062 feet long.
Ι21
DIODORUS OF SICILY
~ 4 ‘ 4 8 LA a ρηνῶν λῃστευόντων τὰ κατὰ θάλατταν πολεμού- 4 μενοι κατεσκευάσαντο ναυτικόν, καὶ διελόμενοι - 4 7 σφᾶς αὐτοὺς οἱ μὲν ἐγεώργουν τὰς νήσους κοινὰς ποιήσαντες, οἱ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς λῃστὰς ἀντετάττοντο- , ; 4 ~ Kal Tas οὐσίας δὲ κοινὰς ποιησάμενοι καὶ ζῶντες “a κατὰ συσσίτια, διετέλεσαν ἐπί τινας χρόνους - “᾿ Α \ κοινωνικῶς βιοῦντες. ὕστερον de τὴν μὲν Λιπά- > a 1 oe ὕ > ἢ ᾿ 9 ραν, καθ᾽ ἣν καὶ ἡ πόλις ἦν, διενείμαντο, τὰς ὃ ἄλλας ἐγεώργουν κοινῇ. τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον πάσας τὰς νήσους εἰς εἴκοσι ἔτη διελόμενοι πάλιν κληρου- “- @ ς , = 7 Ἁ 4 yotow, ὅταν 6 χρόνος οὗτος διέλθῃ. μετὰ δὲ ~ “ , > # A ταῦτα πολλαῖς ναυμαχίαις ἐνίκησαν τοὺς Tuppy- fa ‘ > \ ~ Xr 7 λ , 3 λ / vous, Kal ἀπὸ τῶν λαφύρων πλεονάκις ἀξιολόγους / 3 , > a δεκάτας ἀνέθεσαν εἰς Δελφούς. , > ϑ ὁ oA \ - ω ,ὔ 10. Λείπεται δ᾽ ἡμῖν περὶ τῆς τῶν Λιπαραίων σι 3 > “a πόλεως τὰς αἰτίας ἀποδοῦναι, δι᾿ ἃς ἐν τοῖς ὕστερον / ” + 3 , 4 3 χρόνοις ἔλαβεν αὔξησιν ov μόνον πρὸς εὐδαιμο- ,ὔ > \ A 4 / Ὁ“ 4 ᾽ νίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς δόξαν. αὕτη γὰρ λιμέσι “ ~ 7 A te καλοῖς ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως κεκόσμηται Kal θερ- μοῖς ὕδασι τοῖς διαβεβοημένοις" οὐ μόνον γὰρ πρὸς ὑγίειαν τῶν νοσούντων τὰ κατ᾽ αὐτὴν A Ἀ λουτρὰ πολλὰ συμβάλλεται, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὴν τῶν θερμῶν ὑδάτων ἰδιότητα παρέχεται τέρψιν καὶ ἀπόλαυσιν οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν. διόπερ πολλοὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν ὑπὸ νόσων ἰδιοτρόπων
1 Péhimann, Geschichte der sozialen Frage und des Sozialis- mus in der antiken Welt? 1. 36 ff. sees no ground for questioning the historicity of the preceding picture of a communistic state of the Liparians. Many parallels to its organization are pro-
122
BOOK V. 9. 4-10. 1
time, because they were being harassed by the Tyrrheni who were carrying on piracy on the sea, they fitted out a fleet, and divided themselves into two bodies, one of which took over the cultivation of the islands which they had made the common property of the community, whereas the other was to fight the pirates; their possessions also they made common property, and living according to the public mess system, they passed their lives in this communistic fashion for some time. At a later time they apportioned among themselves the island of Lipara, where their city also lay, but culti- vated the other islands in common. And in the final stage they divided all the islands among them- selves for a period of twenty years, and then they cast lots for them again at every expiration of this period! After effecting this organization they defeated the Tyrrhenians in many sea-fights, and from their booty they often made notable dedications of a tenth part, which they sent to Delphi.
10. It remains for us now, as regards the city of the Liparians, to give an explanation of the causes why in later times it grew to a position, not only of prosperity, but even of renown. These, then, are the reasons: The city is adorned by nature with excellent harbours and springs of warm water which are famed far and wide; for not only do the baths there contribute greatly to the healing of the sick, but they also, in keeping with the peculiar property of such warm springs, provide pleasure and enjoy- ment of no ordinary kind. Consequently many people throughout Sicily who are afflicted by illnesses
vided by the customs of the Germanic tribe of the Suebi, described by Caesar, The Gallic War 4. 1.
123
DIODORUS OF SICILY
ἐνοχλούμενοι καταντῶσιν els αὐτήν, καὶ τοῖς λουτροῖς χρώμενοι παραδόξως ὑγιεῖς καθίστανται. ἔχει δ᾽ ἡ νῆσος αὕτη τὰ διαβεβοημένα μέταλλα τῆς στυπτηρίας, ἐξ ἧς λαμβάνουσιν οἵ Λιπαραῖοι καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι μεγάλας προσόδους. οὐδαμοῦ γὰρ τῆς οἰκουμένης Tis} στυπτηρίας γινομένης καὶ πολλὴν χρείαν παρεχομένης, εἰκότως μονοπώλιον ἔχοντες καὶ τὰς τιμὰς ἀναβιβάζοντες πλῆθος χρημάτων λαμβάνουσιν ἄπιστον: ἐν μόνῃ γὰρ τῇ νήσῳ Μήλῳ φύεται μικρά τις στυπτηρία, μὴ δυναμένη διαρκεῖν πολλοῖς πόλεσιν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἡ νῆσος τῶν Λιπαραίων μικρὰ μὲν τὸ μέγεθος, καρποφόρος δὲ ἱκανῶς καὶ τὰ πρὸς ἀνθρώπων τρυφὴν ἔχουσα διαφερόντως: καὶ γὰρ ἰχθύων παντοδαπῶν παρέχεται πλῆθος τοῖς κατοι- κοῦσι καὶ τῶν ἀκροδρύων τὰ μάλιστα δυνάμενα παρέχεσθαι τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἀπολαύσεως ἡδονήν. καὶ περὶ μὲν Λιπάρας καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν Αἰόλου νή- σων καλουμένων ἀρκεσθησόμεθα τοῖς ῥηθεῖσιν.
11. Μετὰ δὲ τὴν Λιπάραν εἰς τὸ πρὸς δυσμὰς μέρος νῆσός ἐστι πελαγία, μικρὰ μὲν τὸ μέγεθος, ἔρημος δὲ καὶ διά τινα περιπέτειαν ᾿Οστεώδης ὀνομαζομένη. Kal? ὃν γὰρ καιρὸν Καρχηδόνιοι πρὸς Συρακοσίους διαπολεμοῦντες γνῶ: καὶ μεγάλους πολέμους δυνάμεις εἶχον ἀξιολόγους πεζάς * τε καὶ ναυτικάς, περὶ δὲ τούτους τοὺς καιροὺς μισθοφόρων ὄντων παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς πολλῶν καὶ παντοδαπῶν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, οὗτοι δὲ 8 ταραχώ- δεις ὄντες καὶ πολλὰς καὶ μεγάλας στάσεις εἰω-
1 τῆς omitted by D, Vogel. 2 So Vogel: πεζικάς. 3 δὲ deleted by Reiske.
124
BOOK V. to. 1-11. 1
of a peculiar nature come to the city and by taking the baths regain their health in a marvellous manner. And this island contains the far-famed mines of styptic earth, from which the Liparians and Romans derive great revenues. For since styptic earth is found nowhere else in the inhabited world and is of great usefulness, it stands to reason that, because they enjoy a monopoly of it and can raise the price, they should get an unbelievable amount of money ; for on the island of Melos alone is there found a deposit of styptic earth, but a small one, which cannot suffice for many cities. The island of the Liparians is also small in extent but sufficiently fruitful and, so far as the wants of men are con- cerned, it supports even a high degree of luxury; for it supplies the inhabitants with a multitude of fish of every kind and contains those fruit trees which can offer the most pleasure when one enjoys them. But as regards Lipara and the rest of the islands of Aeolus, as they are called, we shall be satisfied with what has been said.
11. Beyond Lipara, toward the west, lies an island in the open sea which is small in extent and unin- habited and bears the name Osteodes? because of the following strange occurrence. During the time when the Carthaginians were waging many great wars with the Syracusans they were employing notable forces on both land and sea, and on the occasion in question they had many mercenaries who were gathered from every people; such troops are always trouble-makers and make it their practice to cause many and serious
1 This is the alwmen described by Pliny (35. 52), probably
an iron sulphate, which was used in dyeing and in medicine. 2 ss Bony.”
128
to
no
DIODORUS OF SICILY
Sores ποιεῖσθαι, καὶ μάλιστα ὅταν τοὺς μισθοὺς εὐκαίρως μὴ λαμβάνωσιν, ἐχρήσαντο καὶ τότε τῇ συνήθει. ῥᾳδιουργίᾳ τε καὶ τόλμῃ. ὄντες γὰρ τὸν ἀριθμὸν ὡς ἑξακισχίλιοι, κἀὶ τοὺς μισθοὺς οὐκ ἀπολαμβάνοντες, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον συντρέχοντες κατεβόων τῶν στρατηγῶν, ἐκείνων δ᾽ ἀπορουμένων χρημάτων καὶ πολλάκις ἀναβαλλομένων τὰς ἀποδό- σεις, ἡπείλουν τοῖς ὅπλοις ἀμυνεῖσθαι τοὺς Καρ- χηδονίους, καὶ τὰς χεῖρας προσέφερον τοῖς ἡγεμόσι. τῆς δὲ γερουσίας ἐγκαλούσης καὶ τῆς διαφορᾶς ἀεὶ μᾶλλον ἐκκαομένης, ἡ μὲν γερουσία τοῖς στρατηγοῖς ἐν ἀπορρήτοις προσέταξεν ἀφανίσαι πάντας τοὺς ἐγκαλουμένους" οἱ δὲ λαβόντες τὰς ἐντολάς, καὶ τοὺς μισθοφόρους ἐμβιβάσαντες εἰς τὰς ναῦς, ἐξέπλευσαν ὡς ἐπί τινα πολεμικὴν χρείαν. προσπλεύσαντες δὲ τῇ προειρημένῃ νήσῳ, καὶ πάντας τοὺς μισθοφόρους ἀποβιβάσαντες εἰς αὐτήν, ἀπέπλευσαν καταλιπόντες ἐν αὐτῇ τοὺς ἐγκαλουμένους. οἱ δὲ μισθοφόροι περιαλγεῖς ὄντες τῇ περιστάσει καὶ μὴ δυνάμενοι τοὺς Kapyndovi- ous ἀμύνασθαι, λιμῷ διεφθάρησαν. ἐν νήσῳ δὲ μικρᾷ τοσούτων αἰχμαλώτων τελευτησάντων συνέ- By τὸν τόπον ὀλίγον ὄντα πληρωθῆναι τῶν ὀστῶν. ἀῴ ἧς αἰτίας ἡ νῆσος ἔτυχε τῆς προσηγορίας. οἱ μὲν οὖν μισθοφόροι τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον παρανομη- θέντες τῆς μεγίστης συμφορᾶς ἔτυχον, ἐνδείᾳ τροφῆς διαφθαρέντες. ᾿
12. Ἡμεῖς δ᾽ ἐπεὶ τὰ περὶ τὰς Αἰολίδας νήσους διήλθομεν, ἐν μέρει τὰς ἐκ θατέρου μέρους νήσους
1 ὦ,6. of the Carthaginians. 126
BOOK V. 11. 1-12. 1
mutinies, especially on occasions when they do not get their pay promptly, and at the time of which we are speaking they practised their accustomed knavishness and audacity. For being in number about six thousand and not receiving their pay, they at first massed together and inveighed against the generals, and since the latter were without funds and time after time kept deferring payment, they threatened that they would take up arms and wreak vengeance upon the Carthaginians, and they even laid violent hands upon the commanders. Though the senate} admonished them, the quarrel always blazed forth the more, whereupon the senate gave secret orders to the generals to do away with all the recalcitrants; and the generals then, acting upon the commands, embarked the mercenaries upon ships and sailed off as if upon some mission of war. And putting in at the island we have men- tioned they disembarked al] the mercenaries upon it and then sailed away, leaving the recalcitrants upon the island. The mercenaries, being in deep distress at the condition in which they found themselves and yet unable to wreak vengeance upon the Cartha- ginians, perished from hunger. And since it was a small island on which so many confined men died, it came to pass that the place, little as it was, was filled with their bones; and this is the reason why the island received the name it bears. In this way, then, did the mercenaries, who were guilty of crime in the manner we have described, suffer the greatest misfortune, perishing from lack of food. _
12. But for our part, since we have set forth the facts concerning the islands of the Aeolides, we shall consider it appropriate to make mention in turn of
127
4
DIODORUS OF SICILY
κειμένας ἀναγραφῆς ἀξιώσομεν. τῆς γὰρ Σικε- tas ἐκ τοῦ κατὰ μεσημβρίαν μέρους νῆσοι τρεῖς πρόκεινται πελάγιαι, καὶ τούτων ἑκάστη πόλιν ἔχει καὶ λιμένας δυναμένους τοῖς χειμαζομένοις σκάφεσι παρέχεσθαι τὴν ἀσφάλειαν. καὶ πρώτη μέν ἐστιν ἡ προσαγορευομένη Μελίτη, τῶν Συρα- κουσῶν ἀπέχουσα σταδίους ὡς ὀκτακοσίους, καὶ λιμένας “μὲν ἔχει πολλοὺς καὶ διαφόρους ταῖς εὐχρηστίαις, τοὺς δὲ κατοικοῦντας ταῖς οὐσίαις εὐδαίμονας: τεχνίτας τε γὰρ ἔχει παντοδαποὺς ταῖς ἐργασίαις, κρατίστους δὲ τοὺς ὀθόνια ποιοῦν- τας τῇ τε λεπτότητι καὶ τῇ μαλακότητι διαπρεπῆ, τάς τε οἰκήσεις ἀξιολόγους καὶ κατεσκευασ- μένας φιλοτίμως γείσσοις καὶ κονιάμασι περιττό- τερον. ἔστι δ᾽ ἡ νῆσος αὕτη Φοινίκων ἄποικος, οἱ ταῖς ἐμπορίαις διατείνοντες μέχρι τοῦ κατὰ τὴν δύσιν ὠκεανοῦ καταφυγὴν εἶχον ταύτην, εὐλίμενον οὖσαν καὶ κειμένην πελαγίαν: 80 ἣν αἰτίαν ot κατοικοῦντες αὐτὴν εὐχρηστούμενοι κατὰ πολλὰ διὰ τοὺς ἐμπόρους ταχὺ τοῖς τε βίοις ἀνέδραμον καὶ ταῖς δόξαις ηὐξήθησαν.
Μετὰ δὲ ταύτην τὴν νῆσόν ἐστιν ἑτέρα τὴν μὲν προσηγορίαν ἔχουσα Taddos, πελαγία δὲ καὶ λιμέσιν εὐκαίροις κεκοσμημένη, Φοινίκων ἄποικος. ἑξῆς ὃ ἐστὶ Κέρκια, πρὸς τὴν Λιβύην νενευκυῖα, πόλιν ἔχουσα σύμμετρον καὶ λιμένας εὐχρηστο- τάτους, οὐ μόνον ταῖς ἐμπόροις, ἀλλὰ καὶ ταῖς μακραῖς ναυσὶν εὐθετοῦντας.
᾿ ᾿Επεὶ δὲ περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν μεσημβρίαν νήσων εἰρήκαμεν, ἐπάνιμεν πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰς ἑξῆς τῇ Λιπάρᾳ
------ ...
1 2.6. of Sicily, * Malta.
128
BOOK V. 12. 1-4
the islands which lie on the other side! For off the south of Sicily three islands lie out in the sea, and each of them possesses a city and harbours which can offer safety to ships which are in stress of weather, The first one is that called Melité,? which lies about eight hundred stades from Syracuse, and it possesses many harbours which offer exceptional advantages, and its inhabitants are blest in their possessions; for it has artisans skilled in every manner of craft, the most important being those who weave linen, which is remarkably sheer and soft, and the dwellings on the island are worthy of note, being ambitiously constructed with cornices and finished in stucco with unusual workmanship. This island is a colony planted by the Phoenicians, who, as they extended their trade to the western ocean, found in it a place of safe retreat, since it was well supplied with harbours and lay out in the open sea; and this is the reason why the inhabitants of this island, since they received assistance in many respects through the sea-merchants, shot up quickly in their manner of living and increased in renown.
After this island there is a second which bears the name of Gaulus, lying out in the open sea and adorned with well-situated harbours, a Phoenician colony. Next comes Cercina,‘ facing Libya, which has a modest city and most serviceable harbours which have accommodations not only for merchant vessels but even for ships of war.
But now that we have spoken of the islands which are to the south of Sicily, we shall turn back to those
3 The modern Gozo. 4 The modern Kerkenna or Kerkenah, at the west end of
the Lesser Syrtis. 129
DIODORUS OF SICILY
νήσους τὰς κειμένας κατὰ τὸ Τυρρηνικὸν καλού- μενον πέλαγος.
13. Τῆς γὰρ Τυρρηνίας κατὰ τὴν ὀνομαζομένην πόλιν ἸΠοπλώνιον νῆσός ἐστιν, ἣν ὀνομάζουσιν Αἰθάλειαν. αὕτη δὲ τῆς παραλίας 1 ἀπέχουσα σταδίους ὡς ἑκατὸν τὴν μὲν προσηγορίαν εἴληφεν ἀπὸ τοῦ πλήθους τοῦ κατ᾽ αὐτὴν αἰθάλου. πέτραν γὰρ ἔχει πολλὴν σιδηρῖτιν, ἣν τέμνουσιν ἐπὶ τὴν χωνείαν καὶ κατασκευὴν τοῦ σιδήρου, πολλὴν ἔχοντες τοῦ μετάλλου δαψίλειαν. οἱ γὰρ ταῖς ἐργασίαις προσεδρεύοντες κόπτουσι τὴν πέτραν καὶ τοὺς τμηθέντας λίθους κάουσιν